Sabachthani





Thou hast forsaken me, one of the Aramaic words uttered by our Lord on

the cross Mat 27:46 Mar 15:34.





Sabaoth





The transliteration of the Hebrew word - tsebha'oth -, meaning "hosts,"

"armies" Rom 9:29 Jas 5:4 - In the LXX. the Hebrew word is rendered by

"Almighty." Rev 4:8 - comp. Isa 6:3 - It may designate Jehovah as

either

 1. God of the armies of earth, or

 2. God of the armies of the stars, or

 3. God of the unseen armies of angels; or perhaps it may include

    all these ideas.





Sabbath





(Heb. verb shabbath, meaning "to rest from labour"), the day of rest.

It is first mentioned as having been instituted in Paradise, when man

was in innocence Gen 2:2 - "The sabbath was made for man," as a day of

rest and refreshment for the body and of blessing to the soul. It is

next referred to in connection with the gift of manna to the children

of Israel in the wilderness Exo 16:23 - and afterwards, when the law

was given from Sinai Exo 20:11 - the people were solemnly charged to

"remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy." Thus it is spoken of as

an institution already existing. In the Mosaic law strict regulations

were laid down regarding its observance Exo 35:2-3 Lev 23:3 26:34.

These were peculiar to that dispensation. In the subsequent history

of the Jews frequent references are made to the sanctity of the

Sabbath Isa 56:2,4,6,7 58:13-14 Jer 17:20-22 Neh 13:19 - In later

times they perverted the Sabbath by their traditions. Our Lord

rescued it from their perversions, and recalled to them its true

nature and intent Mat 12:10-13 Mar 2:27 Luk 13:10-17 - The Sabbath,

originally instituted for man at his creation, is of permanent and

universal obligation. The physical necessities of man require a

Sabbath of rest. He is so constituted that his bodily welfare needs

at least one day in seven for rest from ordinary labour. Experience

also proves that the moral and spiritual necessities of men also

demand a Sabbath of rest. "I am more and more sure by experience that

the reason for the observance of the Sabbath lies deep in the

everlasting necessities of human nature, and that as long as man is

man the blessedness of keeping it, not as a day of rest only, but as

a day of spiritual rest, will never be annulled. I certainly do feel

by experience the eternal obligation, because of the eternal

necessity, of the Sabbath. The soul withers without it. It thrives in

proportion to its observance. The Sabbath was made for man. God made

it for men in a certain spiritual state because they needed it. The

need, therefore, is deeply hidden in human nature. He who can

dispense with it must be holy and spiritual indeed. And he who, still

unholy and unspiritual, would yet dispense with it is a man that

would fain be wiser than his Maker" (F. W. Robertson). The ancient

Babylonian calendar, as seen from recently recovered inscriptions on

the bricks among the ruins of the royal palace, was based on the

division of time into weeks of seven days. The Sabbath is in these

inscriptions designated Sabattu, and defined as "a day of rest for

the heart" and "a day of completion of labour."





Sabbath Day's journey





Supposed to be a distance of 2,000 cubits, or less than half-a-mile,

the distance to which, according to Jewish tradition, it was allowable

to travel on the Sabbath day without violating the law Act 1:12.

comp. Exo 16:29 Num 35:5 Jos 3:4.





Sabbatical Year





Every seventh year, during which the land, according to the law of

Moses, had to remain uncultivated Lev 25:2-7 - comp. Exo 23:10-12.

Lev 26:34-35 - Whatever grew of itself during that year was not for the

owner of the land, but for the poor and the stranger and the beasts

of the field. All debts, except those of foreigners, were to be

remitted Deu 15:1-11 - There is little notice of the observance of this

year in Biblical history. It appears to have been much neglected

2Ch 36:20-21.





Sabeans





Descendants of Seba Gen 10:7 - Africans Isa 43:3 - They were "men of

stature," and engaged in merchandise Isa 45:14 - Their conversion to

the Lord was predicted Psa 72:10 - This word, in Eze 23:42 - should be

read, as in the margin of the Authorized Version, and in the Revised

Version, "drunkards." Another tribe, apparently given to war, is

mentioned in Job 1:15.





Sabtah





Rest, the third son of Cush Gen 10:7 1Ch 1:9.





Sabtecha





The fifth son of Cush (id.). Gen 10:7 1Ch 1:9.





Sachar





Hire.

 1. One of David's heroes 1Ch 11:35 - called also Sharar 2Sa 23:33.

 2. A son of Obed-edom the Gittite, and a temple porter 1Ch 26:4.





Sackbut





(Chald. sabkha; Gr. sambuke), a Syrian stringed instrument resembling

a harp Dan 3:5,7,10,15 - not the sackbut, which is a wind instrument.





Sackcloth





Cloth made of black goats' hair, coarse, rough, and thick, used for

sacks, and also worn by mourners Gen 37:34 42:25 2Sa 3:31 Es 4:1-2.

Psa 30:11 - etc., and as a sign of repentance Mat 11:21 - It was put

upon animals by the people of Nineveh Jon 3:8.





Sacrifice





The offering up of sacrifices is to be regarded as a divine

institution. It did not originate with man. God himself appointed it

as the mode in which acceptable worship was to be offered to him by

guilty man. The language and the idea of sacrifice pervade the whole

Bible. Sacrifices were offered in the ante-diluvian age. The Lord

clothed Adam and Eve with the skins of animals, which in all

probability had been offered in sacrifice Gen 3:21 - Abel offered a

sacrifice "of the firstlings of his flock" Gen 4:4 Heb 11:4 - A

distinction also was made between clean and unclean animals, which

there is every reason to believe had reference to the offering up of

sacrifices Gen 7:2,8 - because animals were not given to man as food

till after the Flood. The same practice is continued down through the

patriarchal age Gen 8:20 12:7 13:4,18 15:9-11 22:1-18 - etc.). In the

Mosaic period of Old Testament history definite laws were prescribed

by God regarding the different kinds of sacrifices that were to be

offered and the manner in which the offering was to be made. The

offering of stated sacrifices became indeed a prominent and

distinctive feature of the whole period Exo 12:3-27 Lev 23:5-8.

Num 9:2-14.

  See ALTAR 00185.

We learn from the Epistle to the Hebrews that sacrifices had in

themselves no value or efficacy. They were only the "shadow of good

things to come," and pointed the worshippers forward to the coming of

the great High Priest, who, in the fullness of the time, "was offered

once for all to bear the sin of many." Sacrifices belonged to a

temporary economy, to a system of types and emblems which served their

purposes and have now passed away. The "one sacrifice for sins" hath

"perfected for ever them that are sanctified." Sacrifices were of two

kinds:

 1. Unbloody, such as:

     a. first-fruits and tithes;

     b. meat and drink-offerings; and

     c. incense.

 2. Bloody, such as

     a. burnt-offerings;

     b. peace-offerings; and

     c. sin and trespass offerings.



   See OFFERINGS 02770.





Sadducees





The origin of this Jewish sect cannot definitely be traced. It was

probably the outcome of the influence of Grecian customs and

philosophy during the period of Greek domination. The first time they

are met with is in connection with John the Baptist's ministry. They

came out to him when on the banks of the Jordan, and he said to them,

"O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath

to come?" Mat 3:7 - The next time they are spoken of they are

represented as coming to our Lord tempting him. He calls them

"hypocrites" and "a wicked and adulterous generation" Mat 16:1-4.

Mat 22:23 - The only reference to them in the Gospels of Mark

Mar 12:18-27 - and Luke Luk 20:27-38 - is their attempting to

ridicule the doctrine of the resurrection, which they denied, as they

also denied the existence of angels. They are never mentioned in

John's Gospel. There were many Sadducees among the "elders" of the

Sanhedrin. They seem, indeed, to have been as numerous as the

Pharisees Act 23:6 - They showed their hatred of Jesus in taking

part in his condemnation Mat 16:21 26:1-3,59 Mar 8:31 15:1.

Luk 9:22 22:66 - They endeavoured to prohibit the apostles from

preaching the resurrection of Christ Act 2:24,31,32 4:1-2 5:17,24-28.

They were the deists or sceptics of that age. They do not appear as

a separate sect after the destruction of Jerusalem.





Sadoc





Just, mentioned in the genealogy of our Lord Mat 1:14.





Saffron





Heb. karkom, Arab. zafran (i.e., "yellow"), mentioned only in

Son 4:13-14 - the Crocus sativus. Many species of the crocus are

found in Palestine. The pistils and stigmata, from the centre of its

flowers, are pressed into "saffron cakes," common in the East. "We

found," says Tristram, "saffron a very useful condiment in travelling

cookery, a very small pinch of it giving not only a rich yellow colour

but an agreable flavour to a dish of rice or to an insipid stew."





Saint





One separated from the world and consecrated to God; one holy by

profession and by covenant; a believer in Christ Psa 16:3 Ro 1:7 8:27.

Php 1:1 Heb 6:10 - The "saints" spoken of in Jude 1:14 - are

probably not the disciples of Christ, but the "innumerable company of

angels" Heb 12:22 Psa 68:17 - with reference to Deu 33:2 - This

word is also used of the holy dead Mat 27:52 Rev 18:24 - It was not

used as a distinctive title of the apostles and evangelists and of a

"spiritual nobility" till the fourth century. In that sense it is not

a scriptural title.





Sala





A shoot, a descendant of Arphaxed Luk 3:35-36 - called also Shelah

1Ch 1:18,24.





Salamis





A city on the south-east coast of Cyprus Act 13:5 - where Saul and

Barnabas, on their first missionary journey, preached the word in one

of the Jewish synagogues, of which there seem to have been several in

that place. It is now called Famagusta.





Salathiel





Whom I asked of God, the son of Jeconiah Mat 1:12 1Ch 3:17 - also called

the son of Neri Luk 3:27 - The probable explanation of the apparent

discrepancy is that he was the son of Neri, the descendant of Nathan,

and thus heir to the throne of David on the death of Jeconiah (comp.)

Jer 22:30.





Salcah





Wandering, a city of Bashan assigned to the half tribe of Manasseh

Deu 3:10 Jos 12:5 13:11 - identified with Salkhad, about 56 miles

east of Jordan.





Salem





Peace, commonly supposed to be another name of Jerusalem

Gen 14:18 Psa 76:2 Heb 7:1-2.





Salim





Peaceful, a place near AEnon (q.v.), on the west of Jordan, where John

baptized Joh 3:23 - It was probably the Shalem mentioned in

Gen 33:18 - about 7 miles south of AEnon, at the head of the great

Wady Far'ah, which formed the northern boundary of Judea in the Jordan

valley.





Sallai





Basket-maker.

 1. A Benjamite Neh 11:8.

 2. A priest in the days of Joshua and Zerubbabel Neh 12:20.





Sallu





Weighed.

 1. A priest Neh 12:7.

 2. A Benjamite 1Ch 9:7 Neh 11:7.





Salmon





Garment, the son of Nashon Rut 4:20 Mat 1:4-5 - possibly the same as

Salma in 1Ch 2:51.





Salmon





Shady; or Zalmon (q.v.), a hill covered with dark forests, south of

Shechem, from which Abimelech and his men gathered wood to burn that

city Jud 9:48 - In Psa 68:14 - the change from war to peace is

likened to snow on the dark mountain, as some interpret the expression.

Others suppose the words here mean that the bones of the slain left

unburied covered the land, so that it seemed to be white as if covered

with snow. The reference, however, of the psalm is probably to

Jos 11:1 - and Jos 12:1 - The scattering of the kings and

their followers is fitly likened unto the snow-flakes rapidly falling

on the dark Salmon. It is the modern Jebel Suleiman.





Salmone





A promontory on the east of Crete, under which Paul sailed on his

voyage to Rome Act 27:7 - the modern Cape Sidero.





Salome





Perfect.

 1. The wife of Zebedee (Mary) and mother of James and John Mat 27:56.

    and probably the sister of Mary, the mother of our Lord Joh 19:25.

    She sought for her sons places of honour in Christ's kingdom

    Mat 20:20-21 - comp. Mat 19:28 - She witnessed the crucifixion

    Mar 15:40 - and was present with the other women at the

    sepulchre Mat 27:56.

 2. "The daughter of Herodias," not named in the New Testament. On

    the occasion of the birthday festival held by Herod Antipas, who

    had married her mother Herodias, in the fortress of Machaerus,

    she "came in and danced, and pleased Herod" Mar 6:14-29 - John the

    Baptist, at that time a prisoner in the dungeons underneath the

    castle, was at her request beheaded by order of Herod, and his

    head given to the damsel in a charger, "and the damsel gave it

    to her mother," whose revengeful spirit was thus gratified. "A

    luxurious feast of the period" (says Farrar, Life of Christ)

    "was not regarded as complete unless it closed with some gross

    pantomimic representation; and doubtless Herod had adopted the

    evil fashion of his day. But he had not anticipated for his

    guests the rare luxury of seeing a princess, his own niece, a

    grand-daughter of Herod the Great and of Mariamne, a descendant,

    therefore, of Simon the high priest and the great line of

    Maccabean princes, a princess who afterwards became the wife of

    a tetrarch [Philip, tetrarch of Trachonitis] and the mother of a

    king, honouring them by degrading herself into a scenic dancer."





Salt





 1. Used to season food Job 6:6.

 2. mixed with the fodder of cattle Isa 30:24 - "clean;" in marg.

    of R.V. "salted").

 3. All meat-offerings were seasoned with salt Lev 2:13.

 4. To eat salt with one is to partake of his hospitality, to derive

    subsistence from him; and hence he who did so was bound to look

    after his host's interests Ezr 4:14 - "We have maintenance from

    the king's palace;" A.V. marg., "We are salted with the salt of the

    palace;" R.V., "We eat the salt of the palace").

 5. A "covenant of salt" Num 18:19 2Ch 13:5 - was a covenant of

    perpetual obligation.

 6. New-born children were rubbed with salt Eze 16:4.

 7. Disciples are likened unto salt, with reference to its cleansing

    and preserving uses Mat 5:13.

 8. When Abimelech took the city of Shechem, he sowed the place with

    salt, that it might always remain a barren soil Jud 9:45.

 9. Sir Lyon Playfair argues, on scientific grounds, that under the

    generic name of "salt," in certain passages, we are to understand

    petroleum or its residue asphalt. Thus in Gen 19:26 - he would

    read "pillar of asphalt;" and in Mat 5:13 - instead of "salt,"

    "petroleum," which loses its essence by exposure, as salt does not,

    and becomes asphalt, with which pavements were made.  The Jebel

    Usdum, to the south of the Dead Sea, is a mountain of rock salt

    about 7 miles long and from 2 to 3 miles wide and some hundreds of

    feet high.





Salt Sea





Jos 3:16.



    See DEAD SEA 00991.





Salt, The City of





One of the cities of Judah Jos 15:62 - probably in the Valley of

Salt, at the southern end of the Dead Sea.





Salt, Valley of





A place where it is said David smote the Syrians 2Sa 8:13 - This

valley (the' Arabah) is between Judah and Edom on the south of the

Dead Sea. Hence some interpreters would insert the words, "and he

smote Edom," after the words, "Syrians" in the above text. It is

conjectured that while David was leading his army against the

Ammonites and Syrians, the Edomites invaded the south of Judah, and

that David sent Joab or Abishai against them, who drove them back and

finally subdued Edom. (Comp. title to) Psa 60:1 - Here also Amaziah

"slew of Edom ten thousand men" 2Ki 14:7 - comp. 2Ki 8:20-22.

2Ch 25:5-11.





Salutation





"Eastern modes of salutation are not unfrequently so prolonged as to

become wearisome. The profusely polite Arab asks so many questions

after your health, your happiness, your welfare, your house, and other

things, that a person ignorant of the habits of the country would

imagine there must be some secret ailment or mysterious sorrow

oppressing you, which you wished to conceal, so as to spare the

feelings of a dear, sympathizing friend, but which he, in the depth of

his anxiety, would desire to hear of. I have often listened to these

prolonged salutations in the house, the street, and the highway, and

not unfrequently I have experienced their tedious monotony, and I have

bitterly lamented useless waste of time" (Porter, Through Samaria,

etc.). The work on which the disciples were sent forth was one of

urgency, which left no time for empty compliments and prolonged

greetings Luk 10:4.





Salvation





This word is used of the deliverance of the Israelites from the

Egyptians Exo 14:13 - and of deliverance generally from evil or danger.

In the New Testament it is specially used with reference to the great

deliverance from the guilt and the pollution of sin wrought out by

Jesus Christ, "the great salvation" Heb 2:3.



  See REDEMPTION 03084.

  See REGENERATION 03091.





Samaritan Pentateuch





On the return from the Exile, the Jews refused the Samaritans

participation with them in the worship at Jerusalem, and the latter

separated from all fellowship with them, and built a temple for

themselves on Mount Gerizim. This temple was razed to the ground more

than one hundred years B.C. Then a system of worship was instituted

similar to that of the temple at Jerusalem. It was founded on the Law,

copies of which had been multiplied in Israel as well as in Judah. Thus

the Pentateuch was preserved among the Samaritans, although they never

called it by this name, but always "the Law," which they read as one

book. The division into five books, as we now have it, however, was

adopted by the Samaritans, as it was by the Jews, in all their priests'

copies of "the Law," for the sake of convenience. This was the only

portion of the Old Testament which was accepted by the Samaritans as of

divine authority. The form of the letters in the manuscript copies of

the Samaritan Pentateuch is different from that of the Hebrew copies,

and is probably the same as that which was in general use before the

Captivity. There are other peculiarities in the writing which need not

here be specified. There are important differences between the Hebrew

and the Samaritan copies of the Pentateuch in the readings of many

sentences. In about two thousand instances in which the Samaritan and

the Jewish texts differ, the LXX. agrees with the former. The New

Testament also, when quoting from the Old Testament, agrees as a rule

with the Samaritan text, where that differs from the Jewish. Thus

Exo 12:40 - in the Samaritan reads, "Now the sojourning of the children of

Israel and of their fathers which they had dwelt in the land of Canaan

and in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years" (comp.) Gal 3:17 - It

may be noted that the LXX. has the same reading of this text.



 See EXODUS 01283.





Samaritans





The name given to the new and mixed inhabitants whom Esarhaddon (B.C.

677) the king of Assyria, brought from Babylon and other places and

settled in the cities of Samaria, instead of the original inhabitants

whom Sargon (B.C. 721) had removed into captivity 2Ki 17:24 - comp.

Ezr 4:2,9-10 - These strangers (comp.) Luk 17:18 - amalgamated with

the Jews still remaining in the land, and gradually abandoned their

old idolatry and adopted partly the Jewish religion. After the return

from the Captivity, the Jews in Jerusalem refused to allow them to

take part with them in rebuilding the temple, and hence sprang up an

open enmity between them. They erected a rival temple on Mount

Gerizim, which was, however, destroyed by a Jewish king (B.C. 130)

They then built another at Shechem. The bitter enmity between the Jews

and Samaritans continued in the time of our Lord: the Jews had "no

dealings with the Samaritans" Joh 4:9 - comp. Luk 9:52,53 - Our Lord

was in contempt called "a Samaritan" Joh 8:48 - Many of the

Samaritans early embraced the gospel Joh 4:5-42 Act 8:25 9:31 15:3.

Of these Samaritans there still remains a small population of about

one hundred and sixty, who all reside in Shechem, where they carefully

observe the religious customs of their fathers. They are the "smallest

and oldest sect in the world."





Samgar-nebo





Be gracious, O Nebo! or a cup-bearer of Nebo, probably the title of

Nergal-sharezer, one of the princes of Babylon Jer 39:3.





Samos





An island in the AEgean Sea, which Paul passed on his voyage from

Assos to Miletus Act 20:15 - on his third missionary journey. It is

about 27 miles long and 20 broad, and lies about 42 miles

south-west of Smyrna.





Samothracia





An island in the AEgean Sea, off the coast of Thracia, about 32 miles

distant. This Thracian Samos was passed by Paul on his voyage from

Troas to Neapolis Act 16:11 - on his first missionary journey. It is

about 8 miles long and 6 miles broad. Its modern name is Samothraki.





Samson





Of the sun, the son of Manoah, born at Zorah. The narrative of his

life is given in Jud 13-16. He was a "Nazarite unto God" from his

birth, the first Nazarite mentioned in Scripture Jud 13:3-5 - comp.

Num 6:1-21 - The first recorded event of his life was his marriage with

a Philistine woman of Timnath Jud 14:1-5 - Such a marriage was not

forbidden by the law of Moses, as the Philistines did not form one of

the seven doomed Canaanite nations Exo 34:11-16 Deu 7:1-4 - It was,

however, an ill-assorted and unblessed marriage. His wife was soon

taken from him and given "to his companion" Jud 14:20 - For this

Samson took revenge by burning the "standing corn of the Philistines"

Jud 15:1-8 - who, in their turn, in revenge "burnt her and her father

with fire." Her death he terribly avenged Jud 15:7-19 - During the

twenty years following this he judged Israel; but we have no record

of his life. Probably these twenty years may have been simultaneous

with the last twenty years of Eli's life. After this we have an

account of his exploits at Gaza Jud 16:1-3 - and of his infatuation

for Delilah, and her treachery Jud 16:4-20 - and then of his

melancholy death Jud 16:21-31 - He perished in the last terrible

destruction he brought upon his enemies. "So the dead which he slew

at his death were more [in social and political importance=the elite

of the people] than they which he slew in his life." "Straining all

his nerves, he bowed: As with the force of winds and waters pent,

When mountains tremble, those two massy pillars With horrible

convulsion to and fro He tugged, he shook, till down they came, and

drew The whole roof after them, with burst of thunder Upon the heads

of all who sat beneath, Lords, ladies, captains, counsellors, or

priests, Their choice nobility and flower." Milton's Samson

Agonistes.





Samuel, Books of





 1. The LXX. translators regarded the books of Samuel and of Kings as

    forming one continuous history, which they divided into four books,

    which they called "Books of the Kingdom." The Vulgate version

    followed this division, but styled them "Books of the Kings." These

    books of Samuel they accordingly called the "First" and "Second"

    Books of Kings, and not, as in the modern Protestant versions, the

    "First" and "Second" Books of Samuel.

 2. The authors of the books of Samuel were probably Samuel, Gad, and

    Nathan. Samuel penned the first twenty-four chapters of the first

    book. Gad, the companion of David 1Sa 22:5 - continued the

    history thus commenced; and Nathan completed it, probably arranging

    the whole in the form in which we now have it 1Ch 29:29.

 3. The contents of the books.

     a. The first book comprises a period of about a hundred years, and

        nearly coincides with the life of Samuel. It contains

         1. the history of Eli (1-4)

         2. the history of Samuel (5-12)

         3. the history of Saul, and of David in exile (13-31)

     b. The second book, comprising a period of perhaps fifty years,

        contains a history of the reign of David

         1. over Judah (1-4) and

         2. over all Israel (5-24) mainly in its political aspects.

     c. The last four chapters of Second Samuel may be regarded as a

        sort of appendix recording various events, but not

        chronologically.

 4. These books do not contain complete histories. Frequent gaps are

    met with in the record, because their object is to present a

    history of the kingdom of God in its gradual development, and not

    of the events of the reigns of the successive rulers. It is

    noticeable that the section 2Sa 11:2-12:29 - containing an

    account of David's sin in the matter of Bathsheba is omitted in the

    corresponding passage in 1Ch 20:1.





Sanballat





Held some place of authority in Samaria when Nehemiah went up to

Jerusalem to rebuild its ruined walls. He vainly attempted to hinder

this work Neh 2:10,19 4:1-12 6:1 - His daughter became the wife of

one of the sons of Joiada, a son of the high priest, much to the

grief of Nehemiah Neh 13:28.





Sanctification





Involves more than a mere moral reformation of character, brought

about by the power of the truth: it is the work of the Holy Spirit

bringing the whole nature more and more under the influences of the

new gracious principles implanted in the soul in regeneration. In

other words, sanctification is the carrying on to perfection the work

begun in regeneration, and it extends to the whole man Rom 6:13.

2Co 4:6 Col 3:10 1Jo 4:7 1Co 6:19 - It is the special office of the

Holy Spirit in the plan of redemption to carry on this work

1Co 6:11 2Th 2:13 - Faith is instrumental in securing

sanctification, inasmuch as it

 1. secures union to Christ Gal 2:20 - and

 2. brings the believer into living contact with the truth, whereby

    he is led to yield obedience "to the commands, trembling at the

    threatenings, and embracing the promises of God for this life

    and that which is to come."



Perfect sanctification is not attainable in this life 1Ki 8:46.

Pro 20:9 Ec 7:20 Jas 3:2 1Jo 1:8 - See Paul's account of himself in

Rom 7:14-25 Php 3:12-14 1Ti 1:15 - also the confessions of David

Psa 19:12-13 51:1 - of Moses Psa 90:8 - of Job Job 42:5-6.

and of Daniel Dan 9:3-20 - "The more holy a man is, the more humble,

self-renouncing, self-abhorring, and the more sensitive to every sin

he becomes, and the more closely he clings to Christ. The moral

imperfections which cling to him he feels to be sins, which he laments

and strives to overcome.  Believers find that their life is a constant

warfare, and they need to take the kingdom of heaven by storm, and

watch while they pray. They are always subject to the constant

chastisement of their Father's loving hand, which can only be designed

to correct their imperfections and to confirm their graces.  And it

has been notoriously the fact that the best Christians have been those

who have been the least prone to claim the attainment of perfection

for themselves.", Hodge's Outlines.





Sanctuary





Denotes,

 1. the Holy Land Exo 15:17 - comp. Psa 114:2.

 2. the temple 1Ch 22:19 2Ch 29:21.

 3. the tabernacle Exo 25:8 Lev 12:4 21:12.

 4. the holy place, the place of the Presence (Gr. hieron, the

    temple-house; not the - naos -, which is the temple area, with its

    courts and porches), Lev 4:6 Eph 2:21 - R.V., marg.;

 5. God's holy habitation in heaven Psa 102:19 - In the final state

    there is properly "no sanctuary" Rev 21:22 - for God and the Lamb

    "are the sanctuary" (R.V., "temple"). All is there hallowed by

    the Divine Presence; all is sancturary.





Sandals





Mentioned only in Mar 6:9 Act 12:8 - The sandal was simply a sole,

made of wood or palm-bark, fastened to the foot by leathern straps.

Sandals were also made of seal-skin Eze 16:10 - lit. tahash,

"leather;" A.V., "badger's skin;" R.V., "sealskin," or marg.,

"porpoise-skin").



  See SHOE 03404.





Sanhedrim





More correctly Sanhedrin (Gr. synedrion), meaning "a sitting

together," or a "council." This word (rendered "council," A.V.) is

frequently used in the New Testament Mat 5:22 26:59 Mar 15:1 - etc. to

denote the supreme judicial and administrative council of the Jews,

which, it is said, was first instituted by Moses, and was composed of

seventy men Num 11:16-17 - But that seems to have been only a temporary

arrangement which Moses made. This council is with greater

probability supposed to have originated among the Jews when they were

under the domination of the Syrian kings in the time of the

Maccabees. The name is first employed by the Jewish historian

Josephus. This "council" is referred to simply as the "chief priests

and elders of the people" Mat 26:3,47,57,59 27:1,3,12,20 - etc., before

whom Christ was tried on the charge of claiming to be the Messiah.

Peter and John were also brought before it for promulgating heresy

Act 4:1-23 5:17-41 - as was also Stephen on a charge of blasphemy

Act 6:12-15 - and Paul for violating a temple by-law

Act 22:30 23:1-10 - The Sanhedrin is said to have consisted of

seventy-one members, the high priest being president. They were of

three classes

 1. the chief priests, or heads of the twenty-four priestly courses

    1Ch 24:1.

 2. the scribes, and

 3. the elders. As the highest court of judicature, "in all causes

    and over all persons, ecclesiastical and civil, supreme," its

    decrees were binding, not only on the Jews in Palestine, but on

    all Jews wherever scattered abroad. Its jurisdiction was greatly

    curtailed by Herod, and afterwards by the Romans. Its usual

    place of meeting was within the precincts of the temple, in the

    hall "Gazith," but it sometimes met also in the house of the

    high priest Mat 26:3 - who was assisted by two vice-presidents.





Sansannah





A palm branch, or a thorn bush, a town in the south (the negeb) of

Judah Jos 15:31 - called also Hazarsusah Jos 19:5 - or

Hazar-susim 1Ch 4:31.





Saph





Extension, the son of the giant whom Sibbechai slew 2Sa 21:18 - called

also Sippai 1Ch 20:4.





Saphir





Beautiful, a town of Judah Mic 1:11 - identified with es-Suafir, 5

miles south-east of Ashdod.





Sapphira





Beautiful, the wife of Ananias (q.v.). She was a partner in his guilt

and also in his punishment Act 5:1-11.





Sapphire





Associated with diamonds Exo 28:18 - and emeralds Eze 28:13 - one of the

stones in the high priest's breastplate. It is a precious stone of a

sky-blue colour, probably the lapis lazuli, brought from Babylon. The

throne of God is described as of the colour of a sapphire Exo 24:10.

comp. Eze 1:26.





Sarah





Princess, the wife and at the same time the half-sister of Abraham

Gen 11:29 20:12 - This name was given to her at the time that it was

announced to Abraham that she should be the mother of the promised

child. Her story is from her marriage identified with that of the

patriarch till the time of her death. Her death, at the age of one

hundred and twenty-seven years (the only instance in Scripture where

the age of a woman is recorded), was the occasion of Abraham's

purchasing the cave of Machpelah as a family burying-place. In the

allegory of Gal 4:22-31 - she is the type of the "Jerusalem which is

above." She is also mentioned as Sara in Heb 11:11 - among the Old

Testament worthies, who "all died in faith."



  See ABRAHAM 00054.





Sarai





My princess, the name originally borne by Sarah Gen 11:31 17:15.





Sardine Stone





Rev 4:3 - R.V., "sardius;" Heb. 'odhem; LXX., Gr. sardion, from a

root meaning "red"), a gem of a blood-red colour. It was called

"sardius" because obtained from Sardis in Lydia. It is enumerated

among the precious stones in the high priest's breastplate

Exo 28:17 39:10 - It is our red carnelian.





Sardis





The metropolis of Lydia in Asia Minor. It stood on the river Pactolus,

at the foot of mount Tmolus. Here was one of the seven Asiatic

churches Rev 3:1-6 - It is now a ruin called Sert-Kalessi.





Sardonyx





Rev 21:20 - a species of the carnelian combining the sard and the onyx,

having three layers of opaque spots or stripes on a transparent red

basis. Like the sardine, it is a variety of the chalcedony.





Sarepta





Luk 4:26.



  See ZAREPHATH 03872.





Sargon





(In the inscriptions, "Sarra-yukin" [the god] has appointed the king;

also "Sarru-kinu," the legitimate king.) On the death of Shalmaneser

(B.C. 723) one of the Assyrian generals established himself on the

vacant throne, taking the name of "Sargon," after that of the famous

monarch, the Sargon of Accad, founder of the first Semitic empire, as

well as of one of the most famous libraries of Chaldea. He forthwith

began a conquering career, and became one of the most powerful of the

Assyrian monarchs. He is mentioned by name in the Bible only in

connection with the siege of Ashdod Isa 20:1 - At the very beginning

of his reign he besieged and took the city of Samaria 2Ki 17:6.

2Ki 18:9-12 - On an inscription found in the palace he built at

Khorsabad, near Nieveh, he says, "The city of Samaria I besieged, I

took; 27,280 of its inhabitants I carried away; fifty chariots that

were among them I collected," etc. The northern kingdom he changed

into an Assyrian satrapy. He afterwards drove Merodach-baladan (q.v.),

who kept him at bay for twelve years, out of Babylon, which he entered

in triumph. By a succession of victories he gradually enlarged and

consolidated the empire, which now extended from the frontiers of

Egypt in the west to the mountains of Elam in the east, and thus

carried almost to completion the ambitious designs of Tiglath-pileser

(q.v.). He was murdered by one of his own soldiers (B.C. 705) in his

palace at Khorsabad, after a reign of sixteen years, and was succeeded

by his son Sennacherib.





Satan





Adversary; accuser.

 1. When used as a proper name, the Hebrew word so rendered has the

    article "the adversary" Job 1:6-12 2:1-7.

 2. In the New Testament it is used as interchangeable with Diabolos,

    or the devil, and is so used more than thirty times. He is also

    called

     a. "the dragon," "the old serpent" Rev 12:9 20:2.

     b. "the prince of this world" Joh 12:31 14:30.

     c. "the prince of the power of the air" Eph 2:2.

     d. "the god of this world" 2Co 4:4.

     e. "the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience"

         Eph 2:2.

 3. The distinct personality of Satan and his activity among men are

    thus obviously recognized.

     a. He tempted our Lord in the wilderness Mat 4:1-11.

     b. He is "Beelzebub, the prince of the devils" Mat 12:24.

     c. He is "the constant enemy of God, of Christ, of the divine

        kingdom, of the followers of Christ, and of all truth;

        full of falsehood and all malice, and exciting and seducing

        to evil in every possible way."

 4. His power is very great in the world.

     a. He is a "roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour" 1Pe 5:8.

     b. Men are said to be "taken captive by him" 2Ti 2:26.

     c. Christians are warned against his "devices" 2Co 2:11.

        and called on to "resist" him Jas 4:7.

     d. Christ redeems his people from "him that had the power of

        death, that is, the devil" Heb 2:14.

     e. Satan has the "power of death," not as lord, but simply as

        executioner.





Satyr





Hairy one. Mentioned in Greek mythology as a creature composed of a

man and a goat, supposed to inhabit wild and desolate regions. The

Hebrew word is rendered also "goat" Lev 4:24 - and "devil", i.e., an

idol in the form of a goat Lev 17:7 2Ch 11:15 - When it is said

Isa 13:21 - comp. Isa 34:14 - "the satyrs shall dance there," the

meaning is that the place referred to shall become a desolate waste.

Some render the Hebrew word "baboon," a species of which is found in

Babylonia.





Saul





Asked for.

 1. A king of Edom Gen 36:37-38 - called Shaul in 1Ch 1:48.

 2. The son of Kish (probably his only son, and a child of prayer,

    "asked for"), of the tribe of Benjamin, the first king of the

    Jewish nation. The singular providential circumstances connected

    with his election as king are recorded in 1Sa 8 - His father's

    she-asses had strayed, and Saul was sent with a servant to seek

    for them. Leaving his home at Gibeah 1Sa 9:1-5 - "the hill of

    God," A.V.; lit., as in R.V. marg., "Gibeah of God"), Saul and

    his servant went toward the north-west over Mount Ephraim, and

    then turning north-east they came to "the land of Shalisha," and

    thence eastward to the land of Shalim, and at length came to the

    district of Zuph, near Samuel's home at Ramah 1Sa 9:5-10 - At

    this point Saul proposed to return from the three days'

    fruitless search, but his servant suggested that they should

    first consult the "seer." Hearing that he was about to offer

    sacrifice, the two hastened into Ramah, and "behold, Samuel came

    out against them," on his way to the "bamah", i.e., the

    "height", where sacrifice was to be offered; and in answer to

    Saul's question, "Tell me, I pray thee, where the seer's house

    is," Samuel made himself known to him. Samuel had been divinely

    prepared for his coming 1Sa 9:15-17 - and received Saul as his

    guest. He took him with him to the sacrifice, and then after the

    feast "communed with Saul upon the top of the house" of all that

    was in his heart. On the morrow Samuel "took a vial of oil and

    poured it on his head," and anointed Saul as king over Israel

    1Sa 9:25-10:8 - giving him three signs in confirmation of his

    call to be king. When Saul reached his home in Gibeah the last

    of these signs was fulfilled, and the Sprit of God came

    upon him, and "he was turned into another man." The simple

    countryman was transformed into the king of Israel, a remarkable

    change suddenly took place in his whole demeanour, and the

    people said in their astonishment, as they looked on the

    stalwart son of Kish, "Is Saul also among the prophets?", a

    saying which passed into a "proverb." (Comp.) 1Sa 19:24 - The

    intercourse between Saul and Samuel was as yet unknown to the

    people. The "anointing" had been in secret. But now the time had

    come when the transaction must be confirmed by the nation.

    Samuel accordingly summoned the people to a solemn assembly

    "before the Lord" at Mizpeh. Here the lot was drawn

    1Sa 10:17-27 - and it fell upon Saul, and when he was

    presented before them, the stateliest man in all Israel, the air

    was rent for the first time in Israel by the loud cry, "God save

    the king!" He now returned to his home in Gibeah, attended by a

    kind of bodyguard, "a band of men whose hearts God had touched."

    On reaching his home he dismissed them, and resumed the quiet

    toils of his former life. Soon after this, on hearing of the

    conduct of Nahash the Ammonite at Jabeshgilead (q.v.), an army

    out of all the tribes of Israel rallied at his summons to the

    trysting-place at Bezek, and he led them forth a great army to

    battle, gaining a complete victory over the Ammonite invaders at

    Jabesh 1Sa 11:1-11 - Amid the universal joy occasioned by

    this victory he was now fully recognized as the king of Israel.

    At the invitation of Samuel "all the people went to Gilgal, and

    there they made Saul king before the Lord in Gilgal." Samuel now

    officially anointed him as king 1Sa 11:15 - Although Samuel

    never ceased to be a judge in Israel, yet now his work in that

    capacity practically came to an end. Saul now undertook the

    great and difficult enterprise of freeing the land from its

    hereditary enemies the Philistines, and for this end he gathered

    together an army of 3,000 men 1Sa 13:1-2 - The Philistines

    were encamped at Geba. Saul, with 2,000 men, occupied Michmash

    and Mount Bethel; while his son Jonathan, with 1,000 men,

    occupied Gibeah, to the south of Geba, and seemingly without any

    direction from his father "smote" the Philistines in Geba. Thus

    roused, the Philistines, who gathered an army of 30,000 chariots

    and 6,000 horsemen, and "people as the sand which is on the

    sea-shore in multitude," encamped in Michmash, which Saul had

    evacuated for Gilgal. Saul now tarried for seven days in Gilgal

    before making any movement, as Samuel had appointed 1Sa 10:8.

    but becoming impatient on the seventh day, as it was drawing to

    a close, when he had made an end of offering the burnt offering,

    Samuel appeared and warned him of the fatal consequences of his

    act of disobedience, for he had not waited long enough

    1Sa 13:13-14 - When Saul, after Samuel's departure, went out

    from Gilgal with his 600 men, his followers having decreased to

    that number 1Sa 13:15 - against the Philistines at Michmash

    (q.v.), he had his head-quarters under a pomegrante tree at

    Migron, over against Michmash, the Wady esSuweinit alone

    intervening. Here at Gibeah-Geba Saul and his army rested,

    uncertain what to do. Jonathan became impatient, and with his

    armour-bearer planned an assault against the Philistines,

    unknown to Saul and the army 1Sa 14:1-15 - Jonathan and his

    armour-bearer went down into the wady, and on their hands and

    knees climbed to the top of the narrow rocky ridge called Bozez,

    where was the outpost of the Philistine army. They surprised and

    then slew twenty of the Philistines, and immediately the whole

    host of the Philistines was thrown into disorder and fled in

    great terror. "It was a very great trembling;" a supernatural

    panic seized the host. Saul and his 600 men, a band which

    speedily increased to 10,000 perceiving the confusion, pursued

    the army of the Philistines, and the tide of battle rolled on as

    far as to Bethaven, halfway between Michmash and Bethel. The

    Philistines were totally routed. "So the Lord saved Israel that

    day." While pursuing the Philistines, Saul rashly adjured the

    people, saying, "Cursed be the man that eateth any food until

    evening." But though faint and weary, the Israelites "smote the

    Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon" (a distance of

    from 15 to 20 miles). Jonathan had, while passing through the

    wood in pursuit of the Philistines, tasted a little of the

    honeycomb which was abundant there 1Sa 14:27 - This was

    afterwards discovered by Saul ver. 1Sa 14:42 - and he

    threatened to put his son to death. The people, however,

    interposed, saying, "There shall not one hair of his head fall

    to the ground." He whom God had so signally owned, who had

    "wrought this great salvation in Israel," must not die.  "Then

    Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines

    went to their own place" 1Sa 14:24-46 - and thus the campaign

    against the Philistines came to an end. This was Saul's second

    great military success. Saul's reign, however, continued to be

    one of almost constant war against his enemies round about

    1Sa 14:47,48 - in all of which he proved victorious. The war

    against the Amalekites is the only one which is recorded at

    length 1Sa 15:1 - These oldest and hereditary Exo 17:8.

    Num 14:43-45 - enemies of Israel occupied the territory to the

    south and south-west of Palestine. Samuel summoned Saul to

    execute the "ban" which God had pronounced Deu 25:17-19 - on

    this cruel and relentless foe of Israel. The cup of their

    iniquity was now full. This command was "the test of his moral

    qualification for being king." Saul proceeded to execute the

    divine command; and gathering the people together, marched from

    Telaim 1Sa 15:4 - against the Amalekites, whom he smote "from

    Havilah until thou comest to Shur," utterly destroying "all the

    people with the edge of the sword", i.e., all that fell into his

    hands. He was, however, guilty of rebellion and disobedience in

    sparing Agag their king, and in conniving at his soldiers'

    sparing the best of the sheep and cattle; and Samuel, following

    Saul to Gilgal, in the Jordan valley, said unto him, "Because

    thou hast rejected the word of the Lord, he also hath rejected

    thee from being king" 1Sa 15:23 - The kingdom was rent from

    Saul and was given to another, even to David, whom the Lord

    chose to be Saul's successor, and whom Samuel anointed

    1Sa 16:1-13 - From that day "the spirit of the Lord departed

    from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him." He

    and Samuel parted only to meet once again at one of the schools

    of the prophets. David was now sent for as a "cunning player on

    an harp" 1Sa 16:16,18 - to play before Saul when the evil

    spirit troubled him, and thus was introduced to the court of

    Saul. He became a great favourite with the king.  At length

    David returned to his father's house and to his wonted avocation

    as a shepherd for perhaps some three years. The Philistines once

    more invaded the land, and gathered their army between Shochoh

    and Azekah, in Ephes-dammim, on the southern slope of the valley

    of Elah. Saul and the men of Israel went forth to meet them, and

    encamped on the northern slope of the same valley which lay

    between the two armies. It was here that David slew Goliath of

    Gath, the champion of the Philistines 1Sa 17:4-54 - an

    exploit which led to the flight and utter defeat of the

    Philistine army. Saul now took David permanently into his

    service 1Sa 18:2 - but he became jealous of him 1Sa 18:9.

    and on many occasions showed his enmity toward him 1Sa 18:10,11.

    his enmity ripening into a purpose of murder which at different

    times he tried in vain to carry out.  After some time the

    Philistines "gathered themselves together" in the plain of

    Esdraelon, and pitched their camp at Shunem, on the slope of

    Little Hermon; and Saul "gathered all Israel together," and

    "pitched in Gilboa" 1Sa 28:3-14 - Being unable to discover

    the mind of the Lord, Saul, accompanied by two of his retinue,

    betook himself to the "witch of Endor," some 7 or 8 miles

    distant. Here he was overwhelmed by the startling communication

    that was mysteriously made to him by Samuel 1Sa 28:16-19.

    who appeared to him. "He fell straightway all along on the

    earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel"

    1Sa 28:20 - The Philistine host "fought against Israel: and

    the men of Israel fled before the Philistines, and fell down

    slain in Mount Gilboa" 1Sa 31:1 - In his despair at the

    disaster that had befallen his army, Saul "took a sword and fell

    upon it." And the Philistines on the morrow "found Saul and his

    three sons fallen in Mount Gilboa." Having cut off his head,

    they sent it with his weapons to Philistia, and hung up the

    skull in the temple of Dagon at Ashdod. They suspended his

    headless body, with that of Jonathan, from the walls of

    Bethshan. The men of Jabesh-gilead afterwards removed the bodies

    from this position; and having burnt the flesh, they buried the

    bodies under a tree at Jabesh. The remains were, however,

    afterwards removed to the family sepulchre at Zelah

    2Sa 21:13,14.

      See DAVID 00982.

 3. "Who is also called Paul" (q.v.), the circumcision name of the

    apostle, given to him, perhaps, in memory of King Saul

    Act 7:58 8:1 9:1.





Saviour





One who saves from any form or degree of evil. In its highest sense

the word indicates the relation sustained by our Lord to his redeemed

ones, he is their Saviour. The great message of the gospel is about

salvation and the Saviour. It is the "gospel of salvation." Faith in

the Lord Jesus Christ secures to the sinner a personal interest in

the work of redemption. Salvation is redemption made effectual to the

individual by the power of the Holy Spirit.





Scapegoat





Lev 16:8-26 - R.V., "the goat for Azazel" (q.v.), the name given to the

goat which was taken away into the wilderness on the day of Atonement

Lev 16:20-22 - The priest made atonement over the scapegoat, laying

Israel's guilt upon it, and then sent it away, the goat bearing "upon

him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited." At a later

period an evasion or modification of the law of Moses was introduced

by the Jews. "The goat was conducted to a mountain named Tzuk,

situated at a distance of ten Sabbath days' journey, or about six and

a half English miles, from Jerusalem. At this place the Judean desert

was supposed to commence; and the man in whose charge the goat was

sent out, while setting him free, was instructed to push the unhappy

beast down the slope of the mountain side, which was so steep as to

insure the death of the goat, whose bones were broken by the fall.

The reason of this barbarous custom was that on one occasion the

scapegoat returned to Jerusalem after being set free, which was

considered such an evil omen that its recurrence was prevented for

the future by the death of the goat" (Twenty-one Years' Work in the

Holy Land). This mountain is now called el-Muntar.





Scarlet





This dye was obtained by the Egyptians from the shell-fish Carthamus

tinctorius; and by the Hebrews from the Coccus ilicis, an insect

which infests oak trees, called kermes by the Arabians.

 1. This colour was early known Gen 38:28.

 2. It was one of the colours of

     a. the ephod Exo 28:6.

     b. the girdle Exo 28:8.

     c. the breastplate Exo 28:15 - of the high priest.

 3. It is also mentioned in various other connections Jos 2:18.

    2Sa 1:24 La 4:5 Na 2:3.

 4. A scarlet robe was in mockery placed on our Lord Mat 27:28 Luk 23:11.

 5. "Sins as scarlet" Isa 1:18 - i.e., as scarlet robes "glaring and

    habitual." Scarlet and crimson were the firmest of dyes, and thus

    not easily washed out.





Sceptre





(Heb. shebet Gr. skeptron), properly a staff or rod. As a symbol of

authority, the use of the sceptre originated in the idea that the

ruler was as a shepherd of his people Gen 49:10 Num 24:17 Psa 45:6.

Isa 14:5 - There is no example on record of a sceptre having ever

been actually handled by a Jewish king.





Sceva





An implement, a Jew, chief of the priests at Ephesus Act 19:13-16.

i.e., the head of one of the twenty-four courses of the house of

Levi. He had seven sons, who "took upon them to call over them which

had evil spirits the name of the Lord Jesus," in imitation of Paul.

They tried their method of exorcism on a fierce demoniac, and failed.

His answer to them was to this effect Act 19:15 - "The Jesus whom you

invoke is One whose authority I acknowledge; and the Paul whom you

name I recognize to be a servant or messenger of God; but what sort

of men are ye who have been empowered to act as you do by neither?"

(Lindsay on the Acts of the Apostles.)





Schism





A separation, an alienation causing divisions among Christians, who

ought to be united 1Co 12:25.





Schoolmaster





The law so designated by Paul Gal 3:24-25 - As so used, the word does

not mean teacher, but pedagogue (shortened into the modern page),

i.e., one who was intrusted with the supervision of a family, taking

them to and from the school, being responsible for their safety and

manners. Hence the pedagogue was stern and severe in his discipline.

Thus the law was a pedagogue to the Jews, with a view to Christ,

i.e., to prepare for faith in Christ by producing convictions of

guilt and helplessness. The office of the pedagogue ceased when

"faith came", i.e., the object of that faith, the seed, which is

Christ.





Schools of the Prophets





1Sa 19:18-24 2Ki 2:3,5,7,12,15 - were instituted for the purpose

of training young men for the prophetical and priestly offices.



  See PROPHET 03006.

  See SAMUEL 03209.





Scorpions





Mentioned along with serpents Deu 8:15 - Used also figuratively to

denote wicked persons Eze 2:6 Luk 10:19 - also a particular kind of

scourge or whip 1Ki 12:11 - Scorpions were a species of spider. They

abounded in the Jordan valley.





Scourging





1Ki 12:11 - Variously administered. In no case were the stripes to

exceed forty Deu 25:3 - comp. 2Co 11:24 - In the time of the apostles,

in consequence of the passing of what was called the Porcian law, no

Roman citizen could be scourged in any case Act 16:22-37.

  See BASTINADO 00469.



In the scourging of our Lord Mat 27:26 Mar 15:15 - the words of

prophecy Isa 53:5 - were fulfilled.





Scribes





Anciently held various important offices in the public affairs of the

nation. The Hebrew word so rendered (sopher) is first used to

designate the holder of some military office Jud 5:14 - A.V., "pen of

the writer;" R.V., "the marshal's staff;" marg., "the staff of the

scribe"). The scribes acted as secretaries of state, whose business

it was to prepare and issue decrees in the name of the king 2Sa 8:17.

2Sa 20:25 1Ch 18:16 24:6 1Ki 4:3 2Ki 12:9-11 18:18-37 - etc. They

discharged various other important public duties as men of high

authority and influence in the affairs of state. There was also a

subordinate class of scribes, most of whom were Levites. They were

engaged in various ways as writers. Such, for example, was Baruch,

who "wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the Lord"

Jer 36:4,32 - In later times, after the Captivity, when the nation

lost its independence, the scribes turned their attention to the law,

gaining for themselves distinction by their intimate acquaintance with

its contents. On them devolved the duty of multiplying copies of the

law and of teaching it to others Ezr 7:6,10-12 Neh 8:1,4,9,13 - It

is evident that in New Testament times the scribes belonged to the

sect of the Pharisees, who supplemented the ancient written law by

their traditions Mat 23:1 - thereby obscuring it and rendering

it of none effect. The titles "scribes" and "lawyers" (q.v.) are in

the Gospels interchangeable Mat 22:35 Mar 12:28 Luk 20:39 - etc. They

were in the time of our Lord the public teachers of the people, and

frequently came into collision with him. They afterwards showed

themselves greatly hostile to the apostles Act 4:5 6:12 - Some of

the scribes, however, were men of a different spirit, and showed

themselves friendly to the gospel and its preachers. Thus Gamaliel

advised the Sanhedrin, when the apostles were before them charged with

"teaching in this name," to "refrain from these men and let them

alone" Act 5:34-39 - comp. Act 23:9.





Scrip





A small bag or wallet usually fastened to the girdle 1Sa 17:40 - "a

shepherd's bag." In the New Testament it is the rendering of Gr.

pera, which was a bag carried by travellers and shepherds, generally

made of skin Mat 10:10 Mar 6:8 Luk 9:3 10:4 - The name "scrip" is meant

to denote that the bag was intended to hold scraps, fragments, as if

scraped off from larger articles, trifles.





Scripture





Invariably in the New Testament denotes that definite collection of

sacred books, regarded as given by inspiration of God, which we

usually call the Old Testament 2Ti 3:15-16 Joh 20:9 Gal 3:22 2Pe 1:20.

It was God's purpose thus to perpetuate his revealed will. From time

to time he raised up men to commit to writing in an infallible record

the revelation he gave. The "Scripture," or collection of sacred

writings, was thus enlarged from time to time as God saw necessary.

We have now a completed "Scripture," consisting of the Old and New

Testaments. The Old Testament canon in the time of our Lord was

precisely the same as that which we now possess under that name. He

placed the seal of his own authority on this collection of writings,

as all equally given by inspiration Mat 5:17 7:12 22:40 Luk 16:29,31.



  See BIBLE 00580.

  See CANON 00714.





Scythian





The Scythians consisted of "all the pastoral tribes who dwelt to the

north of the Black Sea and the Caspian, and were scattered far away

toward the east. Of this vast country but little was anciently known.

Its modern representative is Russia, which, to a great extent,

includes the same territories." They were the descendants of Japheth

Gen 9:27 - It appears that in apostolic times there were some of this

people that embraced Christianity Col 3:11.





Seah





In land measure, a space of 50 cubits long by 50 broad. In measure of

capacity, a seah was a little over one peck.



  See MEASURE 02453.





Seal





Commonly a ring engraved with some device Gen 38:18,25 - Jezebel "wrote

letters in Ahab's name, and sealed them with his seal" 1Ki 21:8.

Seals are frequently mentioned in Jewish history Deu 32:34 Neh 9:38.

Neh 10:1 Es 3:12 So 8:6 Isa 8:16 Jer 22:24 32:44 - etc. Sealing a

document was equivalent to the signature of the owner of the seal.

"The use of a signet-ring by the monarch has recently received a

remarkable illustration by the discovery of an impression of such a

signet on fine clay at Koyunjik, the site of the ancient Nineveh. This

seal appears to have been impressed from the bezel of a metallic

finger-ring. It is an oval, 2 inches in length by 1 inch wide, and

bears the image, name, and titles of the Egyptian king Sabaco"

(Rawlinson's Hist. Illus. of the O.T., p. 46) The actual signet-rings

of two Egyptian kings (Cheops and Horus) have been discovered.

  See SIGNET 03426.

The use of seals is mentioned in the New Testament only in connection

with the record of our Lord's burial Mat 27:66 - The tomb was sealed

by the Pharisees and chief priests for the purpose of making sure that

the disciples would not come and steal the body away Mat 27:63,64 - The

mode of doing this was probably by stretching a cord across the stone

and sealing it at both ends with sealing-clay.  When God is said to

have sealed the Redeemer, the meaning is, that he has attested his

divine mission Joh 6:27 - Circumcision is a seal, an attestation of

the covenant Rom 4:11 - Believers are sealed with the Spirit, as

God's mark put upon them Eph 1:13 4:30 - Converts are by Paul styled

the seal of his apostleship, i.e., they are its attestation 1Co 9:2.

Seals and sealing are frequently mentioned in the book of Revelation

Rev 5:1 6:1 7:3 10:4 22:10.





Sea of Glass





A figurative expression used in Rev 4:6 15:2 - According to the

interpretation of some, "this calm, glass-like sea, which is never in

storm, but only interfused with flame, represents the counsels of God,

those purposes of righteousness and love which are often fathomless

but never obscure, always the same, though sometimes glowing with holy

anger." (Comp.) Psa 36:6 77:19 Ro 11:33-36.





Sea of Jazer





Jer 48:32 - a lake, now represented by some ponds in the high

valley in which the Ammonite city of Jazer lies, the ruins of which

are called Sar.





Seasons





Gen 8:22.



  See AGRICULTURE 00124.

  See MONTH 02592.





Sea, the





(Heb. yam), signifies

 1. "the gathering together of the waters," the ocean Gen 1:10.

 2. a river, as the Nile Isa 19:5 - the Euphrates Isa 21:1 Jer 51:36.

 3. the Red Sea Exo 14:16,27 15:4 - etc.

 4. the Mediterranean Exo 23:31 Num 34:6-7 Jos 15:47 Psa 80:11 - etc.

 5. the "sea of Galilee," an inland fresh-water lake

 6. the Dead Sea or "salt sea" Gen 14:3 Num 34:3,12 - etc.



The word "sea" is used symbolically in Isa 60:5 - where it probably

means the nations around the Mediterranean. In Dan 7:3 Rev 13:1 - it

may mean the tumultuous changes among the nations of the earth.





Sea, the Molten





The great laver made by Solomon for the use of the priests in the

temple, described in 1Ki 7:23-26 2Ch 4:2-5 - It stood in the

south-eastern corner of the inner court. It was 5 cubits high, 10 in

diameter from brim to brim, and 30 in circumference. It was placed on

the backs of twelve oxen, standing with their faces outward. It was

capable of containing two or three thousand baths of water (comp.)

2Ch 4:5 - which was originally supplied by the Gibeonites, but was

afterwards brought by a conduit from the pools of Bethlehem. It was

made of "brass" (copper), which Solomon had taken from the captured

cities of Hadarezer, the king of Zobah 1Ch 18:8 - Ahaz afterwards

removed this laver from the oxen, and placed it on a stone pavement

2Ki 16:17 - It was destroyed by the Chaldeans 2Ki 25:13.





Seba





 1. One of the sons of Cush Gen 10:7.

 2. The name of a country and nation Isa 43:3 45:14 - mentioned along

    with Egypt and Ethiopia, and therefore probably in north-eastern

    Africa. The ancient name of Meroe. The kings of Sheba and Seba

    are mentioned together in Psa 72:10.





Sebat





The eleventh month of the Hebrew year, extending from the new moon of

February to that of March Zec 1:7 - Assyrian sabatu, "storm."



  See MONTH 02592.





Secacah





Enclosure, one of the six cities in the wilderness of Judah, noted for

its "great cistern" Jos 15:61 - It has been identified with the ruin

Sikkeh, east of Bethany.





Sechu





A hill or watch-tower, a place between Gibeah and Ramah noted for its

"great well" 1Sa 19:22 - probably the modern Suweikeh, south of

Beeroth.





Sect





(Gr. hairesis, usually rendered "heresy",) Act 24:14 1Ch 11:19 Gal 5:20.

etc., meaning properly "a choice," then "a chosen manner of life,"

and then "a religious party," as the "sect" of the Sadducees Act 5:17.

of the Pharisees Act 15:5 - the Nazarenes, i.e., Christians Act 24:5.

It afterwards came to be used in a bad sense, of those holding

pernicious error, divergent forms of belief 2Pe 2:1 Gal 5:20.





Secundus





Second, a Christian of Thessalonica who accompanied Paul into Asia

Act 20:4.





Seer





A name sometimes applied to the prophets because of the visions

granted to them. It is first found in 1Sa 9:9 - It is afterwards

applied to Zadok, Gad, etc. 2Sa 15:27 24:11 1Ch 9:22 25:5 2Ch 9:29.

Amo 7:12 Mic 3:7 - The "sayings of the seers" 2Ch 33:18-19 - is

rendered in the Revised Version "the history of Hozai" (marg., the

seers; so the LXX.), of whom, however, nothing is known.



  See PROPHET 03006.





Seethe





To boil Exo 16:23.





Seething Pot





A vessel for boiling provisions in Job 41:20 Jer 1:13.





Segub





Elevated.

 1. The youngest son of Hiel the Bethelite. His death is recorded in

    1Ki 16:34 - (comp.) Jos 6:26.

 2. A descendant of Judah 1Ch 2:21-22.





Seir





Rough; hairy.

 1. A Horite; one of the "dukes" of Edom Gen 36:20-30.

 2. The name of a mountainous region occupied by the Edomites,

    extending along the eastern side of the Arabah from the

    south-eastern extremity of the Dead Sea to near the Akabah, or

    the eastern branch of the Red Sea. It was originally occupied by

    the Horites Gen 14:6 - who were afterwards driven out by the

    Edomites Gen 32:3 33:14,16 - It was allotted to the descendants of

    Esau Deu 2:4,22 Jos 24:4 2Ch 20:10 Isa 21:11 Ex 25:8.

 3. A mountain range (not the Edomite range,) Gen 32:3 - lying between

    the Wady Aly and the Wady Ghurab Jos 15:10.





Seirath





Woody district; shaggy, a place among the mountains of Ephraim,

bordering on Benjamin, to which Ehud fled after he had assassinated

Eglon at Jericho Jud 3:26,27.





Sela





=Se'lah, rock, the capital of Edom, situated in the great valley

extending from the Dead Sea to the Red Sea 2Ki 14:7 - It was near

Mount Hor, close by the desert of Zin. It is called "the rock"

Jud 1:36 - When Amaziah took it he called it Joktheel (q.v.) It is

mentioned by the prophets Isa 16:1 Ob 1:3 - as doomed to destruction.

It appears in later history and in the Vulgate Version under the name

of Petra. "The caravans from all ages, from the interior of Arabia

and from the Gulf of Persia, from Hadramaut on the ocean, and even

from Sabea or Yemen, appear to have pointed to Petra as a common

centre; and from Petra the tide seems again to have branched out in

every direction, to Egypt, Palestine, and Syria, through Arsinoe,

Gaza, Tyre, Jerusalem, and Damascus, and by other routes, terminating

at the Mediterranean."



  See EDOM 01129.





Selah





A word frequently found in the Book of Psalms, and also in Hab 3:9,13.

about seventy-four times in all in Scripture. Its meaning is

doubtful. Some interpret it as meaning "silence" or "pause;" others,

"end," "a louder strain," "piano," etc. The LXX. render the word by

daplasma i.e., "a division."





Sela-hammahlekoth





Cliff of divisions the name of the great gorge which lies between

Hachilah and Maon, south-east of Hebron. This gorge is now called the

Wady Malaky. This was the scene of the interview between David and

Saul mentioned in 1Sa 26:13 - Each stood on an opposing cliff, with

this deep chasm between.





Seleucia





The sea-port of Antioch, near the mouth of the Orontes. Paul and his

companions sailed from this port on their first missionary journey

Act 13:4 - This city was built by Seleucus Nicator, the "king of

Syria." It is said of him that "few princes have ever lived with so

great a passion for the building of cities. He is reputed to have

built in all nine Seleucias, sixteen Antiochs, and six Laodiceas."

Seleucia became a city of great importance, and was made a "free

city" by Pompey. It is now a small village, called el-Kalusi.





Semei





Mentioned in the genealogy of our Lord Luk 3:26.





Senaah





Thorny, a place many of the inhabitants of which returned from Babylon

with Zerubbabel Ezr 2:35 Neh 7:38.





Senate





Act 5:21 - the "elders of Israel" who formed a component part of the

Sanhedrin.





Seneh





The acacia; rock-thorn, the southern cliff in the Wady es-Suweinit, a

valley south of Michmash, which Jonathan climbed with his armour-

bearer 1Sa 14:4-5 - The rock opposite, on the other side of the wady,

was called Bozez.





Senir





=Shenir, the name given to Hermon by the Amorites Deu 3:9 - It means

"coat of mail" or "breastplate," and is equivalent to "Sirion." Some

interpret the word as meaning "the prominent" or "the snowy

mountain." It is properly the name of the central of the three

summits of Hermon (q.v.).





Sennacherib





Sin (the god) sends many brothers, son of Sargon, whom he succeeded on

the throne of Assyria (B.C. 705) in the 23rd year of Hezekiah. "Like

the Persian Xerxes, he was weak and vainglorious, cowardly under

reverse, and cruel and boastful in success." He first set himself to

break up the powerful combination of princes who were in league

against him. Among these was Hezekiah, who had entered into an

alliance with Egypt against Assyria. He accordingly led a very

powerful army of at least 200,000 men into Judea, and devastated the

land on every side, taking and destroying many cities 2Ki 18:13-16.

comp. Isa 22 - Isa 24:1 - and 2Ch 32:1-8 - His own account of

this invasion, as given in the Assyrian annals, is in these words:

"Because Hezekiah, king of Judah, would not submit to my yoke, I came

up against him, and by force of arms and by the might of my power I

took forty-six of his strong fenced cities; and of the smaller towns

which were scattered about, I took and plundered a countless number.

From these places I took and carried off 200,156 persons, old and

young, male and female, together with horses and mules, asses and

camels, oxen and sheep, a countless multitude; and Hezekiah himself I

shut up in Jerusalem, his capital city, like a bird in a cage,

building towers round the city to hem him in, and raising banks of

earth against the gates, so as to prevent escape...Then upon Hezekiah

there fell the fear of the power of my arms, and he sent out to me

the chiefs and the elders of Jerusalem with 30 talents of gold and

800 talents of silver, and divers treasures, a rich and immense

booty...All these things were brought to me at Nineveh, the seat of

my government." (Comp.) Isa 22:1-13 - for description of the feelings

of the inhabitants of Jerusalem at such a crisis.) Hezekiah was not

disposed to become an Assyrian feudatory. He accordingly at once

sought help from Egypt 2Ki 18:20-24 - Sennacherib, hearing of this,

marched a second time into Palestine 2Ki 18:17,37 19:1.

2Ch 32:9-23 Isa 36:2-22 Isa 37:25 - should be rendered "dried up all

the Nile-arms of Matsor," i.e., of Egypt, so called from the "Matsor"

or great fortification across the isthmus of Suez, which protected it

from invasions from the east). Sennacherib sent envoys to try to

persuade Hezekiah to surrender, but in vain.

  See TIRHAKAH 03676.

He next sent a threatening letter 2Ki 19:10-14 - which Hezekiah

carried into the temple and spread before the Lord. Isaiah again

brought an encouraging message to the pious king 2Ki 19:20-34 - "In

that night" the angel of the Lord went forth and smote the camp of the

Assyrians.  In the morning, "behold, they were all dead corpses." The

Assyrian army was annihilated. This great disaster is not, as was to

be expected, taken notice of in the Assyrian annals. Though

Sennacherib survived this disaster some twenty years, he never again

renewed his attempt against Jerusalem. He was murdered by two of his

own sons (Adrammelech and Sharezer), and was succeeded by another son,

Esarhaddon (B.C. 681) after a reign of twenty-four years.





Seorim





Barley, the chief of the forth priestly course 1Ch 24:8.





Sephar





Numbering, Gen 10:30 - supposed by some to be the ancient Himyaritic

capital, "Shaphar," Zaphar, on the Indian Ocean, between the Persian

Gulf and the Red Sea.





Sepharad





Oba 1:20 - some locality unknown. The modern Jews think that Spain is

meant, and hence they designate the Spanish Jews "Sephardim," as they

do the German Jews by the name "Ashkenazim," because the rabbis call

Germany Ashkenaz. Others identify it with Sardis, the capital of

Lydia. The Latin father Jerome regarded it as an Assyrian word,

meaning "boundary," and interpreted the sentence, "which is in

Sepharad," by "who are scattered abroad in all the boundaries and

regions of the earth." Perowne says: "Whatever uncertainty attaches

to the word Sepharad, the drift of the prophecy is clear, viz., that

not only the exiles from Babylon, but Jewish captives from other and

distant regions, shall be brought back to live prosperously within

the enlarged borders of their own land."





Sepharvaim





Taken by Sargon, king of Assyria 2Ki 17:24 18:34 19:13 Isa 37:13 - It

was a double city, and received the common name Sepharvaim, i.e.,

"the two Sipparas," or "the two booktowns." The Sippara on the east

bank of the Euphrates is now called Abu-Habba; that on the other bank

was Accad, the old capital of Sargon I., where he established a great

library.

  See SARGON 03227.

The recent discovery of cuneiform inscriptions at Tel el-Amarna in

Egypt, consisting of official despatches to Pharaoh Amenophis IV. and

his predecessor from their agents in Palestine, proves that in the

century before the Exodus an active literary intercourse was carried

on between these nations, and that the medium of the correspondence

was the Babylonian language and script.



  See KIRJATH-SEPHER 02204.





Septuagint





  See VERSIONS 03768.





Sepulchre





First mentioned as purchased by Abraham for Sarah from Ephron the

Hittite Gen 23:20 - This was the "cave of the field of Machpelah,"

where also Abraham and Rebekah and Jacob and Leah were burried

Gen 49:29-32 - In Act 7:16 - it is said that Jacob was "laid in the

sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor

the father of Sychem." It has been proposed, as a mode of reconciling

the apparent discrepancy between this verse and Gen 23:20 - to read

Act 7:16 - thus: "And they [i.e., our fathers] were carried over

into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum

of money of the sons of Emmor [the son] of Sychem." In this way the

purchase made by Abraham is not to be confounded with the purchase

made by Jacob subsequently in the same district. Of this purchase by

Abraham there is no direct record in the Old Testament.



  See TOMB 03697.





Serah





Abundance; princess, the daughter of Asher and grand-daughter of Jacob

Gen 46:17 - called also Sarah Num 26:46 - R.V., "Serah").





Seraiah





Soldier of Jehovah.

 1. The father of Joab 1Ch 4:13,14.

 2. The grandfather of Jehu 1Ch 4:35.

 3. One of David's scribes or secretaries 2Sa 8:17.

 4. A Netophathite Jer 40:8 - a chief priest of the time of Zedekiah.

    He was carried captive by Nebuchadnezzar to Babylon, and there

    put to death 2Ki 25:18-23.

 5. Ezr 2:2.

 6. Father of Ezra the scribe Ezr 7:1.

 7. A ruler of the temple Neh 11:11.

 8. A priest of the days of Jehoiakim Neh 12:1,12.

 9. The son of Neriah. When Zedekiah made a journey to Babylon to do

    homage to Nebuchadnezzar, Seraiah had charge of the royal gifts

    to be presented on that occasion. Jeremiah took advantage of the

    occasion, and sent with Seraiah a word of cheer to the exiles in

    Babylon, and an announcement of the doom in store for that

    guilty city. The roll containing this message Jer 50:1-8.

    Seraiah was to read to the exiles, and then, after fixing a

    stone to it, was to throw it into the Euphrates, uttering, as it

    sank, the prayer recorded in Jer 51:59-64 - Babylon was at this

    time in the height of its glory, the greatest and most powerful

    monarchy in the world. Scarcely seventy years elapsed when the

    words of the prophet were all fulfilled. Jer 51:59 - is rendered

    in the Revised Version, "Now Seraiah was chief chamberlain,"

    instead of "was a quiet prince," as in the Authorized Version.





Seraphim





Mentioned in Isa 6:2-3,6-7 - This word means fiery ones, in allusion,

as is supposed, to their burning love. They are represented as

"standing" above the King as he sat upon his throne, ready at once to

minister unto him. Their form appears to have been human, with the

addition of wings.

  See ANGELS 00240.

This word, in the original, is used elsewhere only of the "fiery

serpents" Num 21:6,8 Deu 8:15 - comp.  Isa 14:29 30:6 - sent by God as

his instruments to inflict on the people the righteous penalty of sin.





Sered





Fear, one of the sons of Zebulun Gen 46:14.





Sergeants





Act 16:35,38 - (R.V., "lictors"), officers who attended the magistrates

and assisted them in the execution of justice.





Sergius Paulus





A "prudent man" (R.V., "man of understanding"), the deputy (R.V.,

"proconsul") of Cyprus Act 13:6-13 - He became a convert to Christianity

under Paul, who visited this island on his first mission to the

heathen. A remarkable memorial of this proconsul was recently (1887)

discovered at Rome. On a boundary stone of Claudius his name is found,

among others, as having been appointed (A.D. 47) one of the curators of

the banks and the channel of the river Tiber.  After serving his three

years as proconsul at Cyprus, he returned to Rome, where he held the

office referred to. As he is not saluted in Paul's letter to the

Romans, he probably died before it was written.





Sermon on the Mount





After spending a night in solemn meditation and prayer in the lonely

mountain-range to the west of the Lake of Galilee Luk 6:12 - on the

following morning our Lord called to him his disciples, and from among

them chose twelve, who were to be henceforth trained to be his

apostles Mar 3:14-15 - After this solemn consecration of the twelve,

he descended from the mountain-peak to a more level spot Luk 6:17.

and there he sat down and delivered the "sermon on the mount"

Mat 5:1-7:29 Luk 6:20-49 - to the assembled multitude. The mountain here

spoken of was probably that known by the name of the "Horns of Hattin"

(Kurun Hattin), a ridge running east and west, not far from Capernaum.

It was afterwards called the "Mount of Beatitudes."





Serpent





(Heb. nahash; Gr. ophis), frequently noticed in Scripture. More than

forty species are found in Syria and Arabia. The poisonous character

of the serpent is alluded to in Jacob's blessing on Dan Gen 49:17.

see Pro 30:18-19 Jas 3:7 Jer 8:17.

   See ADDER 00085.

This word is used symbolically of a deadly, subtle, malicious enemy

Luk 10:19 - The serpent is first mentioned in connection with the

history of the temptation and fall of our first parents Gen 3:1-6.

It has been well remarked regarding this temptation: "A real serpent

was the agent of the temptation, as is plain from what is said of the

natural characteristic of the serpent in the first verse of the

chapter Gen 3:1 - and from the curse pronounced upon the animal

itself. But that Satan was the actual tempter, and that he used the

serpent merely as his instrument, is evident

 1. from the nature of the transaction; for although the serpent may

    be the most subtle of all the beasts of the field, yet he has

    not the high intellectual faculties which the tempter here

    displayed.

 2. In the New Testament it is both directly asserted and in various

    forms assumed that Satan seduced our first parents into sin"

    Joh 8:44 Ro 16:20 2Co 11:3,14 Rev 12:9 20:2 - Hodge's System.

    Theol., ii. 127





Serpent, Fiery





(LXX. "deadly," Vulg. "burning"), Num 21:6 - probably the naja

haje of Egypt; some swift-springing, deadly snake Isa 14:29 - After

setting out from their encampment at Ezion-gaber, the Israelites

entered on a wide sandy desert, which stretches from the mountains of

Edom as far as the Persian Gulf. While traversing this region, the

people began to murmur and utter loud complaints against Moses. As a

punishment, the Lord sent serpents among them, and much people of

Israel died. Moses interceded on their behalf, and by divine

direction he made a "brazen serpent," and raised it on a pole in the

midst of the camp, and all the wounded Israelites who looked on it

were at once healed. (Comp.) Joh 3:14,15.

  See ASP 00348.

This "brazen serpent" was preserved by the Israelites till the days of

Hezekiah, when it was destroyed 2Ki 18:4.



  See BRASS 00641.





Serug





Branch, the father of Nahor Gen 11:20-23 - called Saruch in Luk 3:35.





Servitor





Occurs only in 2Ki 4:43 - Authorized Version (R.V., "servant"). The

Hebrew word there rendered "servitor" is elsewhere rendered

"minister," "servant" Exo 24:13 33:11 - Probably Gehazi, the personal

attendant on Elisha, is here meant.





Seth





Appointed; a substitute, the third son of Adam and Eve Gen 4:25 5:3.

His mother gave him this name, "for God," said she, "hath appointed

me [i.e., compensated me with] another seed instead of Abel, whom

Cain slew."





Sethur





Hidden, one of the spies sent to search the Promised Land. He was of

the tribe of Asher Num 13:13.





Seven





This number occurs frequently in Scripture, and in such connections as

lead to the supposition that it has some typical meaning. On the

seventh day God rested, and hallowed it Gen 2:2-3 - The division of

time into weeks of seven days each accounts for many instances of the

occurrence of this number. This number has been called the symbol of

perfection, and also the symbol of rest. "Jacob's seven years'

service to Laban; Pharaoh's seven fat oxen and seven lean ones; the

seven branches of the golden candlestick; the seven trumpets and the

seven priests who sounded them; the seven days' siege of Jericho; the

seven churches, seven spirits, seven stars, seven seals, seven vials,

and many others, sufficiently prove the importance of this sacred

number" (see) Lev 25:4 1Sa 2:5 Psa 12:6 79:12 Pr 26:16 Isa 4:1.

Mat 18:21-22 Luk 17:4.

 1. The feast of Passover Exo 12:15,16.

 2. the feast of Weeks Deu 16:9.

 3. of Tabernacles Deu 13:15.

 4. and the Jubilee Lev 25:8 - were all ordered by seven.

 5. Seven is the number of sacrifice 2Ch 29:21 Job 42:8.

 6. of purification and consecration Lev 4:6,17 8:11,33 14:9,51.

 7. of forgiveness Mat 18:21-22 Luk 17:4.

 8. of reward Deu 28:7 1Sa 2:5.

 9. of punishment Lev 26:21,24,28 Deu 28:25.

10. It is used for any round number in such passages as Job 5:19.

    Pro 26:16,25 Isa 4:1 Mat 12:45.

11. It is used also to mean "abundantly" Gen 4:15,24 Lev 26:24 Psa 79:12.





Seventy Weeks





A prophetic period mentioned in Dan 9:24 - and usually interpreted

on the "year-day" theory, i.e., reckoning each day for a year. This

period will thus represent 490 years. This is regarded as the

period which would elapse till the time of the coming of the Messiah,

dating "from the going forth of the commandment to restore and

rebuild Jerusalem" i.e., from the close of the Captivity.





Shaalabbin





Or Shaal'bim, a place of foxes, a town of the tribe of Dan Jos 19:42.

Jud 1:35 - It was one of the chief towns from which Solomon drew his

supplies 1Ki 4:9 - It is probably the modern village of Selbit, 3

miles north of Ajalon.





Shaaraim





Two gates.

 1. A city in the plain of Judah 1Sa 17:52 - called also Sharaim

    Jos 15:36.

 2. A town in Simeon 1Ch 4:31.





Shaashgaz





Servant of the beautiful, a chief eunuch in the second house of the

harem of king Ahasuerus Est 2:14.





Shabbethai





Sabbath-born, a Levite who assisted in expounding the law and

investigating into the illegal marriages of the Jews

Ezr 10:15 Neh 8:7 11:16.





Shaddai





The Omnipotent, the name of God in frequent use in the Hebrew

Scriptures, generally translated "the Almighty."





Shadow





Used in Col 2:17 Heb 8:5 10:1 - to denote the typical relation of the

Jewish to the Christian dispensation.





Shadrach





Aku's command, the Chaldean name given to Hananiah, one of the Hebrew

youths whom Nebuchadnezzar carried captive to Babylon Dan 1:6,7.

Dan 3:12-30 - He and his two companions refused to bow down before the

image which Nebuchadnezzar had set up on the plains of Dura. Their

conduct filled the king with the greatest fury, and he commanded them

to be cast into the burning fiery furnace. Here, amid the fiery

flames, they were miraculously preserved from harm. Over them the

fire had no power, "neither was a hair of their head singed, neither

had the smell of fire passed on them." Thus Nebuchadnezzar learned

the greatness of the God of Israel.



  See ABEDNEGO 00014.





Shalem





Perfect, a place (probably the village of Salim) some 2 miles east

of Jacob's well. There is an abundant supply of water, which may have

been the reason for Jacob's settling at this place Gen 33:18-20 - The

Revised Version translates this word, and reads, "Jacob came in peace

to the city of Shechem," thus not regarding it as a proper name at

all.





Shalim, Land of





Land of foxes, a place apparently to the north-west of Jerusalem

1Sa 9:4 - perhaps in the neighbourhood of Shaalabbin in Dan

Jos 19:42.





Shalisha, Land of





Probably the district of Baal-shalisha 2Ki 4:42 - lying about 12 miles

north of Lydda 1Sa 9:4.





Shallecheth, The gate of





i.e., "the gate of casting out," hence supposed to be the refuse gate;

one of the gates of the house of the Lord, "by the causeway of the

going up" i.e., the causeway rising up from the Tyropoeon valley valley

of the cheesemakers 1Ch 26:16.





Shallum





Retribution.

 1. The son of Jabesh, otherwise unknown. He "conspired against

    Zachariah, and smote him before the people, and slew him, and

    reigned in his stead" 2Ki 15:10 - He reigned only "a month of

    days in Samaria" 2Ki 15:13 - marg. Menahem rose up against

    Shallum and put him to death 2Ki 15:14,15,17 - and became king in

    his stead.

 2. Keeper of the temple vestments in the reign of Josiah 2Ki 22:14.

 3. One of the posterity of Judah 1Ch 2:40,41.

 4. A descendant of Simeon 1Ch 4:25.

 5. One of the line of the high priests 1Ch 6:13.

 6. 1Ch 7:13.

 7. A keeper of the gate in the reign of David 1Ch 9:17.

 8. A Levite porter 1Ch 9:19,31 Jer 35:4.

 9. An Ephraimite chief 2Ch 28:12.

10. The uncle of the prophet Jeremiah Jer 32:7.

11. A son of king Josiah 1Ch 3:15 Jer 22:11 - who was elected to

    succeed his father on the throne, although he was two years

    younger than his brother Eliakim. He assumed the crown under the

    name of Jehoahaz (q.v.). He did not imitate the example of his

    father 2Ki 23:32 - but was "a young lion, and it learned to catch

    the prey; it devoured men" Eze 19:3 - His policy was

    anti-Egyptian therefore. Necho, at that time at Riblah, sent an

    army against Jerusalem, which at once yielded, and Jehoahaz was

    carried captive to the Egyptian camp, Eliakim being appointed

    king in his stead. He remained a captive in Egypt till his

    death, and was the first king of Judah that died in exile.





Shalman





An Assyrian king Hos 10:14 - identified with Shalmaneser II. (Sayce) or

IV. (Lenormant), the successor of Pul on the throne of Assyria (B.C.

728 He made war against Hoshea, the king of Israel, whom he subdued

and compelled to pay an annual tribute. Hoshea, however, soon after

rebelled against his Assyrian conquerer. Shalmaneser again marched

against Samaria, which, after a siege of three years, was taken

2Ki 17:3-5 18:9 - by Sargon (q.v.). A revolution meantime had

broken out in Assyria, and Shalmaneser was deposed. Sargon usurped the

vacant throne. Schrader thinks that this is probably the name of a

king of Moab mentioned on an inscription of Tiglath-pileser as

Salamanu.





Shamgar





The Philistines from the maritime plain had made incursions into the

Hebrew upland for the purposes of plunder, when one of this name, the

son of Anath, otherwise unknown, headed a rising for the purpose of

freeing the land from this oppression. He repelled the invasion,

slaying 600 men with an "ox goad" (q.v.). The goad was a formidable

sharpointed instrument, sometimes ten feet long. He was probably

contemporary for a time with Deborah and Barak Jud 3:31 5:6.





Shamir





A sharp thorn.

 1. One of the sons of Michah 1Ch 24:24.

 2. A town among the mountains of Judah Jos 15:48 - probably Somerah,

    2 1/2 miles north-west of Debir.

 3. The residence of Tola, one of the judges, on Mount Ephraim

    Jud 10:1-2.





Shammah





Desert.

 1. One of the "dukes" of Edom Gen 36:13,17.

 2. One of the sons of Jesse 1Sa 16:9 - He is also called Shimeah

    2Sa 13:3 - and Shimma 1Ch 2:13.

 3. One of David's three mighty men 2Sa 23:11,12.

 4. One of David's mighties 2Sa 23:25 - called also Shammoth

    1Ch 11:27 - and Shamhuth 1Ch 27:8.





Shammua





Heard.

 1. One of the spies sent out by Moses to search the land Num 13:4.

    He represented the tribe of Reuben.

 2. One of David's sons 1Ch 14:4 3:5 - "Shimea;" 2Sa 5:14.

 3. A Levite under Nehemiah Neh 11:17.





Shaphan





A coney, a scribe or secretary of king Josiah 2Ki 22:3-7 - He consulted

Huldah concerning the newly-discovered copy of the law which was

delivered to him by Hilkiah the priest 2Ki 22:8-14 - His grandson

Gedaliah was governor of Judea 2Ki 25:22.





Shaphat





Judge.

 1. One of the spies. He represented the tribe of Simeon Num 13:5.

 2. The father of Elisha 1Ki 19:16-19.

 3. One of David's chief herdsmen 1Ch 27:29.





Shapher





Brightness, one of the stations where Israel encamped in the

wilderness Num 33:23,24.





Sharaim





Two gates Jos 15:36 - more correctly Shaaraim 1Sa 17:52 - probably

Tell Zakariya and Kefr Zakariya, in the valley of Elah, 3 1/2 miles

north-west of Socoh.





Sharezer





(god) protect the king!, a son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria. He and

his brother Adrammelech murdered their father, and then fled into the

land of Armenia 2Ki 19:37.





Sharon, Saron





A plain, a level tract extending from the Mediterranean to the hill

country to the west of Jerusalem, about 30 miles long and from 8 to 15

miles broad, celebrated for its beauty and fertility 1Ch 27:29.

Isa 33:9 35:2 65:10 - The "rose of Sharon" is celebrated Son 2:1.

It is called Lasharon (the article la being here a part of the word) in

Jos 12:18.





Shaveh-Kiriathaim





Plain of Kirja-thaim where Chedorlaomer defeated the Emims, the

original inhabitants Gen 14:5 - Now Kureiyat, north of Dibon, in the

land of Moab.





Shaveh, Valley of





Valley of the plain the ancient name of the "king's dale" (q.v.), or

Kidron, on the north side of Jerusalem Gen 14:17.





Shavsha





("Seraiah,") 2Sa 8:17 - "Shisha," 1Ki 4:3 - one of David's

secretaries  1Ch 18:16.





Shealtiel





Asked for of God, father of Zerubbabel Ezr 3:2,8 Neh 12:1.





Shearing-house





2Ki 10:12,14 - marg., "house of shepherds binding sheep." R.V., "the

shearing-house of the shepherds;" marg., "house of gathering"), some

place between Samaria and Jezreel, where Jehu slew "two and forty

men" of the royal family of Judah. The Heb. word Beth-eked so

rendered is supposed by some to be a proper name.





Shear-Jashub





A remnant shall escape or return (i.e., to God), a symbolical name

which the prophet Isaiah gave to his son Isa 7:3 - perhaps his eldest

son.





Sheba





An oath, seven.

 1. Heb. shebha, the son of Raamah Gen 10:7 - whose descendants

    settled with those of Dedan on the Persian Gulf.

 2. Heb. id. A son of Joktan Gen 10:28 - probably the founder of the

    Sabeans.

 3. Heb. id. A son of Jokshan, who was a son of Abraham by Keturah

    Gen 25:3.

 4. Heb. id. A kingdom in Arabia Felix. Sheba, in fact, was Saba in

    Southern Arabia, the Sabaeans of classical geography, who

    carried on the trade in spices with the other peoples of the

    ancient world. They were Semites, speaking one of the two main

    dialects of Himyaritic or South Arabic. Sheba had become a

    monarchy before the days of Solomon. Its queen brought him gold,

    spices, and precious stones 1Ki 10:1-13 - She is called by our

    Lord the "queen of the south" Mat 12:42.

 5. Heb. shebha', "seven" or "an oak." A town of Simeon Jos 19:2.

 6. Heb. id. A "son of Bichri," of the family of Becher, the son of

    Benjamin, and thus of the stem from which Saul was descended

    2Sa 20:1-22 - When David was returning to Jerusalem after the

    defeat of Absalom, a strife arose between the ten tribes and the

    tribe of Judah, because the latter took the lead in bringing

    back the king. Sheba took advantage of this state of things, and

    raised the standard of revolt, proclaiming, "We have no part in

    David." With his followers he proceeded northward. David seeing

    it necessary to check this revolt, ordered Abishai to take the

    gibborim, "mighty men," and the body-guard and such troops as he

    could gather, and pursue Sheba. Joab joined the expedition, and

    having treacherously put Amasa to death, assumed the command of

    the army. Sheba took refuge in Abel-Bethmaachah, a fortified

    town some miles north of Lake Merom. While Joab was engaged in

    laying siege to this city, Sheba's head was, at the instigation

    of a "wise woman" who had held a parley with him from the city

    walls, thrown over the wall to the besiegers, and thus the

    revolt came to an end.





Shebaniah





Whom Jehovah hides, or has made grow up.

 1. A Levite appointed to blow the trumpet before the ark of God

    1Ch 15:24.

 2. Another Levite Neh 9:4,5.

 3. A priest Neh 10:12.

 4. A Levite Neh 10:4.





Shebarim





Breaks; ruins, a place near Ai Jos 7:5 - (R.V. marg., "the quarries").





Shebna





Tender youth, "treasurer" over the house in the reign of Hezekiah,

i.e., comptroller or governor of the palace. On account of his pride

he was ejected from his office, and Eliakim was promoted to it

Isa 22:15-25 - He appears to have been the leader of the party who

favoured an alliance with Egypt against Assyria. It is conjectured

that "Shebna the scribe," who was one of those whom the king sent to

confer with the Assyrian ambassador 2Ki 18:18,26,37 19:2.

Isa 36:3,11,22 37:2 - was a different person.





Shebuel





Captive of God.

 1. One of the descendants of Gershom, who had charge of the temple

    treasures in the time of David 1Ch 23:16 26:24.

 2. One of the sons of Heman; one of those whose duty it was to

    "lift up the horn" in the temple service 1Ch 25:4-5 - called also

    Shubael ver. 1Ch 25:20.





Shecaniah





One intimate with Jehovah.

 1. A priest to whom the tenth lot came forth when David divided the

    priests 1Ch 24:11.

 2. One of the priests who were set "to give to their brethren by

    courses" of the daily portion 2Ch 31:15 - Shechani'ah, id.

 3. A priest whose sons are mentioned in 1Ch 3:21-22.

 4. Ezr 8:5.

 5. Ezr 10:2-4.

 6. The father of Shemaiah, who repaired the wall of Jerusalem

    Neh 3:29.

 7. The father-in-law of Tobiah Neh 6:18.

 8. A priest who returned from the Captivity with Zerubbabel

    Neh 12:3 - marg., or Shebaniah.





Shechem





Shoulder.

 1. The son of Hamor the Hivite Gen 33:19 34:1.

 2. A descendant of Manasseh Num 26:31 Jos 17:2.

 3. A city in Samaria Gen 33:18 - called also Sichem Gen 12:6.

    Sychem Act 7:16 - It stood in the narrow sheltered valley

    between Ebal on the north and Gerizim on the south, these

    mountains at their base being only some 500 yards apart. Here

    Abraham pitched his tent and built his first altar in the

    Promised Land, and received the first divine promise Gen 12:6,7.

    Here also Jacob "bought a parcel of a field at the hands of the

    children of Hamor" after his return from Mesopotamia, and settled

    with his household, which he purged from idolatry by burying the

    teraphim of his followers under an oak tree, which was afterwards

    called "the oak of the sorcerer" Gen 33:19 35:4 Jud 9:37.

      See MEONENIM 02483.

    Here too, after a while, he dug a well, which bears his name to

    this day Joh 4:5,39-42 - To Shechem Joshua gathered all

    Israel "before God," and delivered to them his second parting

    address Jos 24:1-15 - He "made a covenant with the people

    that day" at the very place where, on first entering the land,

    they had responded to the law from Ebal and Gerizim Jos 24:25.

    the terms of which were recorded "in the book of the law of

    God", i.e., in the roll of the law of Moses; and in memory of

    this solemn transaction a great stone was set up "under an oak"

    (comp.) Gen 28:18 31:44-48 Ex 24:4 Jos 4:3,8,9 - possibly the

    old "oak of Moreh," as a silent witness of the transaction to

    all coming time. Shechem became one of the cities of refuge, the

    central city of refuge for Western Palestine Jos 20:7 - and

    here the bones of Joseph were buried Jos 24:32 - Rehoboam was

    appointed king in Shechem 1Ki 12:1,19 - but Jeroboam

    afterwards took up his residence here. This city is mentioned in

    connection with our Lord's conversation with the woman of

    Samaria Joh 4:5 - and thus, remaining as it does to the

    present day, it is one of the oldest cities of the world. It is

    the modern Nablus, a contraction for Neapolis, the name given to

    it by Vespasian. It lies about a mile and a half up the valley

    on its southern slope, and on the north of Gerizim, which rises

    about 1,100 feet above it, and is about 34 miles north of

    Jerusalem. It contains about 10,000 inhabitants, of whom about

    160 are Samaritans and 100 Jews, the rest being Christians and

    Muslims. The site of Shechem is said to be of unrivalled

    beauty. Stanley says it is "the most beautiful, perhaps the only

    very beautiful, spot in Central Palestine." Gaza, near Shechem,

    only mentioned 1Ch 7:28 - has entirely disappeared. It was

    destroyed at the time of the Conquest, and its place was taken

    by Shechem.



  See SYCHAR 03542.





Shechinah





A Chaldee word meaning resting-place, not found in Scripture, but used

by the later Jews to designate the visible symbol of God's presence

in the tabernacle, and afterwards in Solomon's temple. When the Lord

led Israel out of Egypt, he went before them "in a pillar of a

cloud." This was the symbol of his presence with his people. For

references made to it during the wilderness wanderings, see Exo 14:20.

Exo 40:34-38 Lev 9:23-24 Num 14:10 16:19,42 - It is probable that after

the entrance into Canaan this glory-cloud settled in the tabernacle

upon the ark of the covenant in the most holy place. We have, however,

no special reference to it till the consecration of the temple by

Solomon, when it filled the whole house with its glory, so that the

priests could not stand to minister 1Ki 8:10-13 2Ch 5:13-14 7:1-3.

Probably it remained in the first temple in the holy of holies as the

symbol of Jehovah's presence so long as that temple stood. It

afterwards disappeared.



  See CLOUD 00849.





Sheep





Are of different varieties. Probably the flocks of Abraham and Isaac

were of the wild species found still in the mountain regions of

Persia and Kurdistan. After the Exodus, and as a result of

intercourse with surrounding nations, other species were no doubt

introduced into the herds of the people of Israel. They are

frequently mentioned in Scripture. The care of a shepherd over his

flock is referred to as illustrating God's care over his people

Psa 23:1-2 74:1 77:20 Isa 40:11 53:6 Joh 10:1-5,7-16 - "The sheep

of Palestine are longer in the head than ours, and have tails from 5

inches broad at the narrowest part to 15 inches at the widest, the

weight being in proportion, and ranging generally from 10 to 14 lbs.,

but sometimes extending to 30 lbs. The tails are indeed huge masses of

fat" (Geikie's Holy Land, etc.). The tail was no doubt the "rump" so

frequently referred to in the Levitical sacrifices Exo 29:22.

Lev 3:9 7:3 9:19 - Sheep-shearing was generally an occasion of great

festivity Gen 31:19 38:12-13 1Sa 25:4-8,36 2Sa 13:23-28.





Sheep-fold





A strong fenced enclosure for the protection of the sheep gathered

within it Num 32:24 1Ch 17:7 Psa 50:9 78:70 - In Joh 10:16 - the

Authorized Version renders by "fold" two distinct Greek words, aule

and poimne, the latter of which properly means a "flock," and is so

rendered in the Revised Version. (See also) Mat 03:31 Luk 2:8 1Co 9:7.



  See FOLD 01365.





Sheep-gate





One of the gates of Jerusalem mentioned by Nehemiah Neh 3:1,32 12:39.

It was in the eastern wall of the city.





Sheep-market





Occurs only in Joh 5:2 - (marg., also R.V., "sheep-gate"). The word so

rendered is an adjective, and it is uncertain whether the noun to be

supplied should be "gate" or, following the Vulgate Version, "pool."





Shekel





Weight, the common standard both of weight and value among the

Hebrews. It is estimated at 220 English grains, or a little more than

half an ounce avoirdupois. The "shekel of the sanctuary" Exo 30:13.

Num 3:47 - was equal to twenty gerahs Eze 45:12 - There were shekels

of gold 1Ch 21:25 - of silver 1Sa 9:8 - of brass 1Sa 17:5.

and of iron 1Sa 17:7 - When it became a coined piece of money, the

shekel of gold was equivalent to about 2 pound of our money.

Six gold shekels, according to the later Jewish system, were equal in

value to fifty silver ones. The temple contribution, with which the

public sacrifices were bought Exo 30:13 2Ch 24:6 - consisted of one

common shekel, or a sanctuary half-shekel, equal to two Attic

drachmas. The coin, a stater (q.v.), which Peter found in the fish's

mouth paid this contribution for both him and Christ Mat 17:24,27.

A zuza, or quarter of a shekel, was given by Saul to Samuel

1Sa 9:8.





Shelah





Petition.

 1. Judah's third son Gen 38:2,5,11,14.

 2. A son of Arphaxad 1Ch 1:18.





Shelemiah





Whom Jehovah repays.

 1. Ezr 10:39.

 2. The father of Hananiah Neh 3:30.

 3. A priest in the time of Nehemiah Neh 13:13.

 4. Father of one of those who accused Jeremiah to Zedekiah

    Jer 37:3 38:1.

 5. Father of a captain of the ward Jer 37:13.

 6. Jer 36:14.





Shem





A name; renown, the first mentioned of the sons of Noah Gen 5:32 6:10.

He was probably the eldest of Noah's sons. The words "brother of

Japheth the elder" in Gen 10:21 - are more correctly rendered "the

elder brother of Japheth," as in the Revised Version. Shem's name is

generally mentioned first in the list of Noah's sons. He and his wife

were saved in the ark Gen 7:13 - Noah foretold his preeminence over

Canaan Gen 9:23-27 - He died at the age of six hundred years, having

been for many years contemporary with Abraham, according to the usual

chronology. The Israelitish nation sprang from him

Gen 11:10-26 1Ch 1:24-27.





Shema





Rumour.

 1. A Reubenite 1Ch 5:8.

 2. A Benjamite 1Ch 8:13.

 3. One who stood by Ezra when he read the law Neh 8:4.

 4. A town in the south of Judah Jos 15:26.





Shemaah





Rumour, a Benjamite whose sons "came to David to Ziklag" 1Ch 12:3.





Shemaiah





Whom Jehovah heard.

 1. A prophet in the reign of Rehoboam 1Ki 12:22-24.

 2. Neh 3:29.

 3. A Simeonite 1Ch 4:37.

 4. A priest Neh 12:42.

 5. A Levite 1Ch 9:16.

 6. 1Ch 9:14 Neh 11:15.

 7. A Levite in the time of David, who with 200 of his brethren

    took part in the bringing up of the ark from Obed-edom to Hebron

    1Ch 15:8.

 8. A Levite 1Ch 24:6.

 9. The eldest son of Obed-edom 1Ch 26:4-8.

10. A Levite 2Ch 29:14.

11. A false prophet who hindered the rebuilding of Jerusalem

     Neh 6:10.

12. A prince of Judah who assisted at the dedication of the wall of

    Jerusalem Neh 12:34-36.

13. A false prophet who opposed Jeremiah Jer 29:24-32.

14. One of the Levites whom Jehoshaphat appointed to teach the law

    2Ch 17:8.

15. A Levite appointed to "distribute the oblations of the Lord"

    2Ch 31:15.

16. A Levite 2Ch 35:9.

17. The father of Urijah the prophet Jer 26:20.

18. The father of a prince in the reign of Jehoiakim Jer 36:12.





Shemariah





Whom Jehovah guards.

 1. One who joined David at Ziklag 1Ch 12:5.

 2. Ezr 10:32,41.





Shemeber





Soaring on high, the king of Zeboiim, who joined with the other kings

in casting off the yoke of Chedorlaomer. After having been

reconquered by him, he was rescued by Abraham Gen 14:2.





Sheminith





Eight; octave, a musical term, supposed to denote the lowest note sung

by men's voices 1Ch 15:21 Psa 6:1 12:1 - (title).





Shemiramoth





Most high name.

 1. A Levite in the reign of Jehoshaphat 2Ch 17:8.

 2. A Levite in David's time 1Ch 15:18,20.





Shemuel





Heard of God.

 1. The son of Ammihud. He represented Simeon in the division of the

    land Num 34:20.

 2. Used for "Samuel" 1Ch 6:33 - R.V.

 3. A prince of the tribe of Issachar 1Ch 7:2.





Shen





A tooth, probably some conspicuous tooth-shaped rock or crag 1Sa 7:12.

a place between which and Mizpeh Samuel set up his "Ebenezer." In the

Hebrew the word has the article prefixed, "the Shen." The site is

unknown.





Shenir





=Senir, Deu 3:9 So 4:8 - the name given to Mount Hermon (q.v.) by the

Sidonians.





Sheol





(Heb., "the all-demanding world" Gr. Hades, "the unknown region"), the

invisible world of departed souls.



  See HELL 01731.





Shepham





A treeless place, Num 34:10-11 - "The coast shall go down from Shepham

to Riblah."





Shephatiah





Judged of the Lord.

 1. A son of David by Abital 2Sa 3:4.

 2. A Benjamite who joined David at Ziklag 1Ch 12:5.

 3. A Simeonite prince in David's time 1Ch 27:16.

 4. One of Jehoshaphat's sons 2Ch 21:2.

 5. Ezr 2:4.

 6. Ezr 2:57 Neh 7:59.

 7. One of the princes who urged the putting of Jeremiah to death

    Jer 38:1-4.





Shepherd





A word naturally of frequent occurence in Scripture. Sometimes the

word "pastor" is used instead Jer 2:8 3:15 10:21 12:10 17:16 - This

word is used figuratively to represent the relation of rulers to

their subjects and of God to his people Psa 23:1 80:1 Isa 40:11 44:28.

Jer 25:34-35 Na 3:18 Joh 10:11,14 Heb 13:20 1Pe 2:25 5:4 - The duties

of a shepherd in an unenclosed country like Palestine were very

onerous. "In early morning he led forth the flock from the fold,

marching at its head to the spot where they were to be pastured. Here

he watched them all day, taking care that none of the sheep strayed,

and if any for a time eluded his watch and wandered away from the

rest, seeking diligently till he found and brought it back. In those

lands sheep require to be supplied regularly with water, and the

shepherd for this purpose has to guide them either to some running

stream or to wells dug in the wilderness and furnished with troughs.

At night he brought the flock home to the fold, counting them as they

passed under the rod at the door to assure himself that none were

missing. Nor did his labours always end with sunset. Often he had to

guard the fold through the dark hours from the attack of wild beasts,

or the wily attempts of the prowling thief (see) 1Sa 17:34 - Deane's

David.





Sherebiah





Flame of the Lord, a priest whose name is prominent in connection with

the work carried on by Ezra and Nehemiah at Jerusalem

Ezr 8:17-18,24-30 Neh 8:7 9:4-5 10:12.





Sheresh





Root, a descendant of Manasseh 1Ch 7:16.





Sherezer





One of the messengers whom the children of the Captivity sent to

Jerusalem "to pray for them before the Lord" Zec 7:2.





Sheriffs





Dan 3:2 - Babylonian officers.





Sheshach





Jer 25:26 - supposed to be equivalent to Babel (Babylon), according to

a secret (cabalistic) mode of writing among the Jews of unknown

antiquity, which consisted in substituting the last letter of the

Hebrew alphabet for the first, the last but one for the second, and

so on. Thus the letters sh, sh, ch become b, b, l, i.e., Babel. This

is supposed to be confirmed by a reference to Jer 51:41 - where

Sheshach and Babylon are in parallel clauses. There seems to be no

reason to doubt that Babylon is here intended by this name. (See

Streane's Jeremiah, l.c.)





Sheshai





Whitish, one of the sons of Anak Num 13:22 - When the Israelites

obtained possession of the country the sons of Anak were expelled and

slain Jos 15:14 Jud 1:10.





Sheshbazzar





O s