Cab





Hollow (R.V., "kab"), occurs only in 2Ki 6:25 - a dry measure, the

sixth part of a seah, and the eighteenth part of an ephah, equal to

about two English quarts.





Cabins





Only in Jer 37:16 - (R.V., "cells"), arched vaults or recesses off a

passage or room; cells for the closer confinement of prisoners.





Cabul





How little! as nothing.

 1. A town on the eastern border of Asher Jos 19:27 - probably one of

    the towns given by Solomon to Hiram; the modern Kabul, some

    8 miles east of Accho, on the very borders of Galilee.

 2. A district in the north-west of Galilee, near to Tyre,

    containing twenty cities given to Hiram by Solomon as a reward

    for various services rendered to him in building the temple

    1Ki 9:13 - and as payment of the six score talents of gold he had

    borrowed from him. Hiram gave the cities this name because he

    was not pleased with the gift, the name signifying "good for

    nothing." Hiram seems afterwards to have restored these cities

    to Solomon 2Ch 8:2.





Caesar





The title assumed by the Roman emperors after Julius Caesar. In the

New Testament this title is given to various emperors as sovereigns

of Judaea without their accompanying distinctive proper names

Joh 19:15 Act 17:7 - The Jews paid tribute to Caesar Mat 22:17 - and all

Roman citizens had the right of appeal to him Act 25:11 - The Caesars

referred to in the New Testament are:

 1. Augustus Luk 2:1.

 2. Tiberius Luk 3:1 20:22.

 3. Claudius Act 11:28.

 4. Nero Act 25:8 Php 4:22.





Caesara Philippi





A city on the northeast of the marshy plain of el-Huleh, 120 miles

north of Jerusalem, and 20 miles north of the Sea of Galilee, at the

"upper source" of the Jordan, and near the base of Mount Hermon. It

is mentioned in Mat 16:13 Mar 8:27 - as the northern limit of our Lord's

public ministry. According to some its original name was Baal-Gad

Jos 11:17 - or Baal-Hermon Jud 3:3 1Ch 5:23 - when it was a Canaanite

sanctuary of Baal. It was afterwards called Panium or Paneas, from a

deep cavern full of water near the town.  This name was given to the

cavern by the Greeks of the Macedonian kingdom of Antioch because of

its likeness to the grottos of Greece, which were always associated

with the worship of their god Pan. Its modern name is Banias. Here

Herod built a temple, which he dedicated to Augustus Caesar. This town

was afterwards enlarged and embellished by Herod Philip, the tetrarch

of Trachonitis, of whose territory it formed a part, and was called by

him Caesarea Philippi, partly after his own name, and partly after that

of the emperor Tiberius Caesar.  It is thus distinguished from the

Caesarea of Palestine.



 See JORDAN 02112.





Caesarea (Palestinae)





A city on the shore of the Mediterranean, on the great road from Tyre

to Egypt, about 70 miles northwest of Jerusalem, at the northern

extremity of the plain of Sharon. It was built by Herod the Great

(B.C. 10) who named it after Caesar Augustus, hence called Caesarea

Sebaste (Gr. Sebastos "Augustus"), on the site of an old town called

"Strato's Tower." It was the capital of the Roman province of Judaea,

the seat of the governors or procurators, and the headquarters of the

Roman troops. It was the great Gentile city of Palestine, with a

spacious artificial harbour. It was adorned with many buildings of

great splendour, after the manner of the Roman cities of the West.

Here Cornelius the centurion was converted through the instrumentality

of Peter Act 10:1-24 - and thus for the first time the door of

faith was opened to the Gentiles. Philip the evangelist resided here

with his four daughters Act 21:8 - From this place Saul sailed for

his native Tarsus when forced to flee from Jerusalem Act 9:30 - and

here he landed when returning from his second missionary journey

Act 18:22 - He remained as a prisoner here for two years before his

voyage to Rome Act 24:27 25:1,4,6,13 - Here on a "set day," when

games were celebrated in the theatre in honour of the emperor

Claudius, Herod Agrippa I. appeared among the people in great pomp,

and in the midst of the idolatrous homage paid to him was suddenly

smitten by an angel, and carried out a dying man. He was "eaten of

worms" Act 12:19-23 - thus perishing by the same loathsome disease

as his granfather, Herod the Great. It still retains its ancient name

Kaiseriyeh, but is now desolate. "The present inhabitants of the

ruins are snakes, scorpions, lizards, wild boars, and jackals." It is

described as the most desolate city of all Palestine.





Cage





(Heb. kelub',) Jer 5:27 - marg. "coop;" rendered "basket" in

Amo 8:1 - a basket of wicker-work in which birds were placed after being

caught. In Rev 18:2 - it is the rendering of the Greek - phulake -,

properly a prison or place of confinement.





Caiaphas





The Jewish high priest (A.D. 27) at the beginning of our Lord's

public ministry, in the reign of Tiberius Luk 3:2 - and also at the

time of his condemnation and crucifixion Mat 26:3,57 Joh 11:49.

Joh 18:13-14 - He held this office during the whole of Pilate's

administration. His wife was the daughter of Annas, who had formerly

been high priest, and was probably the vicar or deputy (Heb. sagan)

of Caiaphas. He was of the sect of the Sadducees Act 5:17 - and was a

member of the council when he gave his opinion that Jesus should be

put to death "for the people, and that the whole nation perish not"

Joh 11:50 - In these words he unconsciously uttered a prophecy. "Like

Saul, he was a prophet in spite of himself." Caiaphas had no power to

inflict the punishment of death, and therefore Jesus was sent to

Pilate, the Roman governor, that he might duly pronounce the sentence

against him Mat 27:2 Joh 18:28 - At a later period his hostility to the

gospel is still manifest Act 4:6.



 See ANNAS 00246.





Cain





A possession; a spear.

 1. The first-born son of Adam and Eve Gen 4:1 - He became a

    tiller of the ground, as his brother Abel followed the pursuits

    of pastoral life. He was "a sullen, self-willed, haughty,

    vindictive man; wanting the religious element in his character,

    and defiant even in his attitude towards God." It came to pass

    "in process of time" (marg. "at the end of days"), i.e.,

    probably on the Sabbath, that the two brothers presented their

    offerings to the Lord. Abel's offering was of the "firstlings of

    his flock and of the fat," while Cain's was "of the fruit of the

    ground." Abel's sacrifice was "more excellent" Heb 11:4 - than

    Cain's, and was accepted by God. On this account Cain was "very

    wroth," and cherished feelings of murderous hatred against his

    brother, and was at length guilty of the desperate outrage of

    putting him to death 1Jo 3:12 - For this crime he was expelled

    from Eden, and henceforth led the life of an exile, bearing upon

    him some mark which God had set upon him in answer to his own cry

    for mercy, so that thereby he might be protected from the wrath

    of his fellow-men; or it may be that God only gave him some sign

    to assure him that he would not be slain Gen 4:15 - Doomed to be a

    wanderer and a fugitive in the earth, he went forth into the

    "land of Nod", i.e., the land of "exile", which is said to have

    been in the "east of Eden," and there he built a city, the first

    we read of, and called it after his son's name, Enoch. His

    descendants are enumerated to the sixth generation. They

    gradually degenerated in their moral and spiritual condition till

    they became wholly corrupt before God. This corruption prevailed,

    and at length the Deluge was sent by God to prevent the final

    triumph of evil.

      See ABEL 00015.

 2. A town of the Kenites, a branch of the Midianites Jos 15:57 - on

    the east edge of the mountain above Engedi; probably the "nest

    in a rock" mentioned by Balaam Num 24:21 - It is identified with

    the modern Yekin, 3 miles south-east of Hebron.





Cainan





Possession; smith.

 1. The fourth antediluvian patriarch, the eldest son of Enos. He

    was 70 years old at the birth of his eldest son Mahalaleel,

    after which he lived 840 years Gen 5:9-14 - and was 910 years

    old when he died. He is also called Kenan 1Ch 1:2.

 2. The son of Arphaxad Luk 3:36 - He is nowhere named in the Old

    Testament. He is usually called the "second Cainan."





Cake





Cakes made of wheat or barley were offered in the temple. They were

salted, but unleavened Exo 29:2 Lev 2:4 - In idolatrous worship thin

cakes or wafers were offered "to the queen of heaven" Jer 7:18 44:19.

Pancakes are described in 2Sa 13:8-9 - Cakes mingled with oil and

baked in the oven are mentioned in Lev 2:4 - and "wafers unleavened

anointed with oil," in Exo 29:2 Lev 8:26 1Ch 23:29 - "Cracknels," a kind

of crisp cakes, were among the things Jeroboam directed his wife to

take with her when she went to consult Ahijah the prophet at Shiloh

1Ki 14:3 - Such hard cakes were carried by the Gibeonites when they

came to Joshua Jos 9:5,12 - They described their bread as "mouldy;"

but the Hebrew word - nikuddim -, here used, ought rather to be

rendered "hard as biscuit." It is rendered "cracknels" in 1Ki 14:3.

The ordinary bread, when kept for a few days, became dry and

excessively hard. The Gibeonites pointed to this hardness of their

bread as an evidence that they had come a long journey. We read also

of honey-cakes Exo 16:31 - "cakes of figs" 1Sa 25:18 - "cake" as

denoting a whole piece of bread 1Ki 17:12 - and "a [round] cake of

barley bread" Jud 7:13 - In Lev 2:1 - is a list of the different

kinds of bread and cakes which were fit for offerings.





Calah





One of the most ancient cities of Assyria. "Out of that land he [i.e.,

Nimrod] went forth into Assyria, and built Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, and

Calah, and Resen" Gen 10:11 - R.V. Its site is now marked probably by

the Nimrud ruins on the left bank of the Tigris. These cover an area

of about 1,000 acres, and are second only in size and importance to

the mass of ruins opposite Mosul. This city was at one time the

capital of the empire, and was the residence of Sardanapalus and his

successors down to the time of Sargon, who built a new capital, the

modern Khorsabad. It has been conjectured that these four cities

mentioned in Gen 10:11 - were afterwards all united into one and called

Nineveh (q.v.).





Calamus





The Latin for cane, Hebrew - Kaneh -, mentioned Exo 30:23 - as one of the

ingredients in the holy anointing oil, one of the sweet scents

Son 4:14 - and among the articles sold in the markets of Tyre Eze 27:19.

The word designates an Oriental plant called the "sweet flag," the

ocorus calamus of Linnaeus. It is elsewhere called "sweet cane"

Isa 43:24 Jer 6:20 - It has an aromatic smell, and when its knotted

stalk is cut and dried and reduced to powder, it forms an ingredient

in the most precious perfumes. It was not a native of Palestine, but

was imported from Arabia Felix or from India. It was probably that

which is now known in India by the name of "lemon grass" or "ginger

grass," the Andropogon schoenanthus.



 See CANE 00710.





Calcol





1Ch 2:6 - sustenance, the same probably as Chalcol 1Ki 4:31 - one of

the four sages whom Solomon excelled in wisdom; for "he was wiser than

all men."





Caleb





A dog.

 1. One of the three sons of Hezron of the tribe of Judah. He is

    also called Chelubai 1Ch 2:9 - His descendants are enumerated

    1Ch 2:18,42.

 2. A "son of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah" 1Ch 2:50 - Some would

    read the whole passage thus: "These [i.e., the list in

    1Ch 2:42|] were the sons of Caleb. The sons of Hur, the

    firstborn of Ephratah, were Shobal, etc." Thus Hur would be the

    name of the son and not the father of Caleb 1Ch 2:19.

 3. The son of Jephunneh Num 13:6 32:12 Jos 14:6,14 - He was one of

    those whom Moses sent to search the land in the second year

    after the Exodus. He was one of the family chiefs of the tribe

    of Judah. He and Joshua the son of Nun were the only two of the

    whole number who encouraged the people to go up and possess the

    land, and they alone were spared when a plague broke out in

    which the other ten spies perished Num 13:1-14:1 - All the

    people that had been numbered, from twenty years old and upward,

    perished in the wilderness except these two. The last notice we

    have of Caleb is when (being then eighty-five years of age) he

    came to Joshua at the camp at Gilgal, after the people had

    gained possession of the land, and reminded him of the promise

    Moses had made to him, by virtue of which he claimed a certain

    portion of the land of Kirjath-arba as his inheritance

    Jos 14:6-15 15:13-15 21:10-12 1Sa 25:2-3 30:14 - He is called a

    "Kenezite" in Jos 14:6,14 - This may simply mean "son of Kenez"

    Num 32:12 - Some, however, read "Jephunneh, the son of Kenez," who

    was a descendant of Hezron, the son of Pharez, a grandson of

    Judah 1Ch 2:5 - This Caleb may possibly be identical with

    No. 2

 4. Caleb gave his name apparently to a part of the south country

    1Sa 30:14 - of Judah, the district between Hebron and Carmel,

    which had been assigned to him. When he gave up the city of

    Hebron to the priests as a city of refuge, he retained

    possession of the surrounding country Jos 21:11-12 - comp.

    1Sa 25:3.





Calf





Calves were commonly made use of in sacrifices, and are therefore

frequently mentioned in Scripture. The "fatted calf" was regarded as

the choicest of animal food; it was frequently also offered as a

special sacrifice 1Sa 28:24 Amo 6:4 Luk 15:23 - The words used in

Jer 34:18-19 - "cut the calf in twain," allude to the custom of

dividing a sacrifice into two parts, between which the parties

ratifying a covenant passed Gen 15:9-10,17-18 - The sacrifice of

the lips, i.e., praise, is called "the calves of our lips" Hos 14:2.

R.V., "as bullocks the offering of our lips." Comp. Heb 13:15.

Psa 116:7 Jer 33:11 - The golden calf which Aaron made Exo 32:4 - was

probably a copy of the god Moloch rather than of the god Apis, the

sacred ox or calf of Egypt. The Jews showed all through their history

a tendency toward the Babylonian and Canaanitish idolatry rather than

toward that of Egypt. Ages after this, Jeroboam, king of Israel, set

up two idol calves, one at Dan, and the other at Bethel, that he

might thus prevent the ten tribes from resorting to Jerusalem for

worship 1Ki 12:28 - These calves continued to be a snare to the

people till the time of their captivity. The calf at Dan was carried

away in the reign of Pekah by Tiglath-pileser, and that at Bethel ten

years later, in the reign of Hoshea, by Shalmaneser 2Ki 15:29 17:33.

This sin of Jeroboam is almost always mentioned along with his name

2Ki 15:28 - etc.





Calkers





Workmen skilled in stopping the seams of the deck or sides of vessels.

The inhabitants of Gebel were employed in such work on Tyrian vessels

Eze 27:9,27 - marg., "strengtheners" or "stoppers of chinks").





Call





 1. To cry for help, hence to pray Gen 4:26 - Thus men are said to

    "call upon the name of the Lord" Act 2:21 7:59 9:14 Ro 10:12.

    1Co 1:2.

 2. God calls with respect to men when he designates them to some

    special office Exo 31:2 Isa 22:20 Act 13:2 - and when he invites

    them to accept his offered grace Mat 9:13 11:28 22:4 - In the

    message of the gospel his call is addressed to all men, to Jews

    and Gentiles alike Mat 28:19 Mar 16:15 Ro 9:24-25 - But this

    universal call is not inseparably connected with salvation,

    although it leaves all to whom it comes inexcusable if they

    reject it Joh 3:14-19 Mat 22:14.

 3. An effectual call is something more than the outward message of

    the Word of God to men. It is internal, and is the result of the

    enlightening and sanctifying influence of the Holy Spirit

    Joh 16:14 Act 26:18 Joh 6:44 - effectually drawing men to

    Christ, and disposing and enabling them to receive the truth

    Joh 6:45 Act 16:14 Eph 1:17.





Calling





A profession, or as we usually say, a vocation 1Co 7:20 - The "hope of

your calling" in Eph 4:4 - is the hope resulting from your being

called into the kingdom of God.





Calneh





Fort, one of the four cities founded by Nimrod Gen 10:10 - It is the

modern Niffer, a lofty mound of earth and rubbish situated in the

marshes on the left, i.e., the east, bank of the Euphrates, but 30

miles distant from its present course, and about 60 miles

south-south-east from Babylon. It is mentioned as one of the towns

with which Tyre carried on trade. It was finally taken and probably

destroyed by one of the Assyrian kings Amo 6:2 - It is called Calno

Isa 10:9 - and Canneh Eze 27:23.





Calvary





Only in Luk 23:33 - the Latin name Calvaria, which was used as a

translation of the Greek word - Kranion -, by which the Hebrew word

- Gulgoleth - was interpreted, "the place of a skull." It probably took

this name from its shape, being a hillock or low, rounded, bare

elevation somewhat in the form of a human skull. It is nowhere in

Scripture called a "hill." The crucifixion of our Lord took place

outside the city walls Heb 13:11-13 - and near the public

thoroughfare. "This thing was not done in a corner."



 See GOLGOTHA 01522.





Camel





From the Hebrew - gamal -, "to repay" or "requite," as the camel does

the care of its master. There are two distinct species of camels,

having, however, the common characteristics of being "ruminants

without horns, without muzzle, with nostrils forming oblique slits,

the upper lip divided and separately movable and extensile, the soles

of the feet horny, with two toes covered by claws, the limbs long,

the abdomen drawn up, while the neck, long and slender, is bent up

and down, the reverse of that of a horse, which is arched."

 1. The Bactrian camel is distinguished by two humps. It is a native

    of the high table-lands of Central Asia.

 2. The Arabian camel or dromedary, from the Greek - dromos -, "a

    runner" Isa 60:6 Jer 2:23 - has but one hump, and is a native of

    Western Asia or Africa. The camel was early used both for riding

    and as a beast of burden Gen 24:64 37:25 - and in war 1Sa 30:17.

    Isa 21:7 - Mention is made of the camel among the cattle given by

    Pharaoh to Abraham Gen 12:16 - Its flesh was not to be eaten, as

    it was ranked among unclean animals Lev 11:4 Deu 14:7 - Abraham's

    servant rode on a camel when he went to fetch a wife for Isaac

    Gen 24:10-11 - Jacob had camels as a portion of his wealth

    Gen 30:43 - as Abraham also had Gen 24:35 - He sent a present of

    thirty milch camels to his brother Esau Gen 32:15 - It appears

    to have been little in use among the Jews after the conquest.

    It is, however, mentioned in the history of David 1Ch 27:30.

    and after the Exile Ezr 2:67 Neh 7:69 - Camels were much in

    use among other nations in the East. The queen of Sheba came

    with a caravan of camels when she came to see the wisdom of

    Solomon 1Ki 10:2 2Ch 9:1 - Benhadad of Damascus also sent a

    present to Elisha, "forty camels' burden" 2Ki 8:9 - To show

    the difficulty in the way of a rich man's entering into the

    kingdom, our Lord uses the proverbial expression that it was

    easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle Mat 19:24.

    To strain at (rather, out) a gnat and swallow a camel was also

    a proverbial expression Mat 23:24 - used with reference to

    those who were careful to avoid small faults, and yet did not

    hesitate to commit the greatest sins.  The Jews carefully

    filtered their wine before drinking it, for fear of swallowing

    along with it some insect forbidden in the law as unclean, and

    yet they omitted openly the "weightier matters" of the law. The

    raiment worn by John the Baptist was made of camel's hair

    Mat 3:4 Mar 1:6 - by which he was distinguished from those who

    resided in royal palaces and wore soft raiment.  This was also

    the case with Elijah 2Ki 1:8 - who is called "a hairy man,"

    from his wearing such raiment.  "This is one of the most

    admirable materials for clothing; it keeps out the heat, cold,

    and rain." The "sackcloth" so often alluded to 2Ki 1:8 Isa 15:3.

    Zec 13:4 - etc.) was probably made of camel's hair.





Camon





Full of stalks, a place Jud 10:5 - where Jair was buried. It has

usually been supposed to have been a city of Gilead, on the east of

Jordan. It is probably, however, the modern Tell-el-Kaimun, on the

southern slopes of Carmel, the Jokneam of Carmel Jos 12:22 1Ki 4:12.

since it is not at all unlikely that after he became judge, Jair

might find it more convenient to live on the west side of Jordan; and

that he was buried where he had lived.





Camp





During their journeys across the wilderness, the twelve tribes formed

encampments at the different places where they halted Exo 16:13 Num 2:3.

The diagram here given shows the position of the different tribes and

the form of the encampment during the wanderings, according to

Num 1:53 2:2-31 3:29,35,38 10:13-28 - The area of the camp would be in

all about 3 square miles. After the Hebrews entered Palestine, the

camps then spoken of were exclusively warlike Jos 11:5,7.

Jud 5:19,21 7:1 1Sa 29:1 30:9 - etc.



 See ENCAMP 01201.





Camphire





(Heb. copher), mentioned in Son 1:14 - (R.V., "henna-flowers");

Son 4:13 - (R.V., "henna"), is the al-henna of the Arabs, a native of

Egypt, producing clusters of small white and yellow odoriferous

flowers, whence is made the Oleum Cyprineum. From its leaves is made

the peculiar auburn dye with which Eastern women stain their nails and

the palms of their hands. It is found only at Engedi, on the shore of

the Dead Sea. It is known to botanists by the name Lawsonia alba or

inermis, a kind of privet, which grows 6 or 8 feet high. The margin

of the Authorized Version of the passages above referred to has "or

cypress," not with reference to the conifer so called, but to the

circumstance that one of the most highly appreciated species of this

plant grew in the island of Cyprus.





Cana





Reedy, a town of Galilee, near Capernaum. Here our Lord wrought his

first miracle, the turning of water into wine Joh 2:1-11 4:46 - It is

also mentioned as the birth-place of Nathanael Joh 21:2 - It is not

mentioned in the Old Testament. It has been identified with the

modern Kana el-Jelil, also called Khurbet Kana, a place 8 or 9 miles

north of Nazareth. Others have identified it with Kefr Kenna, which

lies on the direct road to the Sea of Galilee, about 5 miles

north-east of Nazareth, and 12 in a direct course from Tiberias. It

is called "Cana of Galilee," to distinguish it from Cana of Asher

Jos 19:28.





Canaan





 1. The fourth son of Ham Gen 10:6 - His descendants were under a

    curse in consequence of the transgression of his father

    Gen 9:22-27 - His eldest son, Zidon, was the father of the

    Sidonians and Phoenicians.  He had eleven sons, who were the

    founders of as many tribes Gen 10:15-18.

 2. The country which derived its name from the preceding. The name

    as first used by the Phoenicians denoted only the maritime plain

    on which Sidon was built. But in the time of Moses and Joshua it

    denoted the whole country to the west of the Jordan and the Dead

    Sea Deu 11:30. In Jos 5:12 - the LXX. read, "land of the

    Phoenicians," instead of "land of Canaan." The name signifies

    "the lowlands," as distinguished from the land of Gilead on the

    east of Jordan, which was a mountainous district. The extent and

    boundaries of Canaan are fully set forth in different parts of

    Scripture Gen 10:19 17:8 Num 13:29 34:8.



       See CANAANITES 00705.

       See PALESTINE 02828.





Canaanite





A name given to the apostle Simon Mat 10:4 Mar 3:18 - The word here does

not, however, mean a descendant of Canaan, but is a translation, or

rather almost a transliteration, of the Syriac word Kanenyeh (R.V.

rendered "Cananaen"), which designates the Jewish sect of the

Zealots. Hence he is called elsewhere Luk 6:15 - "Simon Zelotes;" i.e.,

Simon of the sect of the Zealots.



 See SIMON 03439.





Canaanites





The descendants of Canaan, the son of Ham. Migrating from their

original home, they seem to have reached the Persian Gulf, and to

have there sojourned for some time. They thence "spread to the west,

across the mountain chain of Lebanon to the very edge of the

Mediterranean Sea, occupying all the land which later became

Palestine, also to the north-west as far as the mountain chain of

Taurus. This group was very numerous, and broken up into a great many

peoples, as we can judge from the list of nations Gen 10:1 - the

'sons of Canaan.'" Six different tribes are mentioned in Exo 3:8,17.

Exo 23:23 33:2 34:11 - In Exo 13:5 - the "Perizzites" are omitted. The

"Girgashites" are mentioned in addition to the foregoing in Deu 7:1.

Jos 3:10 - The "Canaanites," as distinguished from the Amalekites, the

Anakim, and the Rephaim, were "dwellers in the lowlands" Num 13:29.

the great plains and valleys, the richest and most important parts of

Palestine. Tyre and Sidon, their famous cities, were the centres of

great commercial activity; and hence the name "Canaanite" came to

signify a "trader" or "merchant" Job 41:6 Pr 31:24 - lit.

"Canaanites;" comp. Zep 1:11 Eze 17:4 - The name "Canaanite" is also

sometimes used to designate the non-Israelite inhabitants of the land

in general Gen 12:6 Num 21:3 Jud 1:10 - The Israelites, when they were

led to the Promised Land, were commanded utterly to destroy the

descendants of Canaan then possessing it Exo 23:23 Num 33:52,53.

Deu 20:16-17 - This was to be done "by little and little," lest the

beasts of the field should increase Exo 23:29 Deu 7:22-23 - The

history of these wars of conquest is given in the Book of Joshua. The

extermination of these tribes, however, was never fully carried out.

Jerusalem was not taken till the time of David 2Sa 5:6-7 - In the days

of Solomon bond-service was exacted from the fragments of the tribes

still remaining in the land 1Ki 9:20-21 - Even after the return from

captivity survivors of five of the Canaanitish tribes were still

found in the land. In the Tell-el-Amarna tablets Canaan is found

under the forms of Kinakhna and Kinakhkhi. Under the name of Kanana

the Canaanites appear on Egyptian monuments, wearing a coat of mail

and helmet, and distinguished by the use of spear and javelin and the

battle-axe. They were called Phoenicians by the Greeks and Poeni by

the Romans. By race the Canaanites were Semitic. They were famous as

merchants and seamen, as well as for their artistic skill. The chief

object of their worship was the sun-god, who was addressed by the

general name of Baal, "lord." Each locality had its special Baal, and

the various local Baals were summed up under the name of Baalim,

"lords."





Canaan, The Language of





Mentioned in Isa 19:18 - denotes the language spoken by the Jews

resident in Palestine. The language of the Canaanites and of the

Hebrews was substantially the same. This is seen from the fragments of

the Phoenician language which still survive, which show the closest

analogy to the Hebrew. Yet the subject of the language of the

"Canaanites" is very obscure. The cuneiform writing of Babylon, as well

as the Babylonian language, was taught in the Canaanitish schools, and

the clay tablets of Babylonian literature were stored in the

Canaanitish libraries. Even the Babylonian divinities were borrowed by

the Canaanites.





Candace





The queen of the Ethiopians whose "eunuch" or chamberlain was

converted to Christianity by the instrumentality of Philip the

evangelist Act 8:27 - The country which she ruled was called by the

Greeks Meroe, in Upper Nubia. It was long the centre of commercial

intercourse between Africa and the south of Asia, and hence became

famous for its wealth Isa 45:14 - It is somewhat singular that female

sovereignty seems to have prevailed in Ethiopia, the name Candace

(compare "Pharaoh," "Ptolemy," "Caesar") being a title common to

several successive queens. It is probable that Judaism had taken root

in Ethiopia at this time, and hence the visit of the queen's

treasurer to Jerusalem to keep the feast. There is a tradition that

Candace was herself converted to Christianity by her treasurer on his

return, and that he became the apostle of Christianity in that whole

region, carrying it also into Abyssinia. It is said that he also

preached the gospel in Arabia Felix and in Ceylon, where he suffered

martyrdom.



 See PHILIP 02936.





Candle





Heb. ner, Job 18:6 29:3 Psa 18:28 Pr 24:20 - in all which places the

Revised Version and margin of Authorized Version have "lamp," by

which the word is elsewhere frequently rendered. The Hebrew word

denotes properly any kind of candle or lamp or torch. It is used as a

figure of conscience Pro 20:27 - of a Christian example Mat 5:14-15 - and

of prosperity Job 21:17 Pr 13:9.





Candlestick





The lamp-stand, "candelabrum," which Moses was commanded to make for

the tabernacle, according to the pattern shown him. Its form is

described in Exo 25:31-40 37:17-24 - and may be seen represented on the

Arch of Titus at Rome. It was among the spoils taken by the Romans

from the temple of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) It was made of fine gold, and

with the utensils belonging to it was a talent in weight. The

tabernacle was a tent without windows, and thus artificial light was

needed. This was supplied by the candlestick, which, however, served

also as a symbol of the church or people of God, who are "the light

of the world." The light which "symbolizes the knowledge of God is

not the sun or any natural light, but an artificial light supplied

with a specially prepared oil; for the knowledge of God is in truth

not natural nor common to all men, but furnished over and above

nature." This candlestick was placed on the south side of the Holy

Place, opposite the table of shewbread Exo 27:21 30:7-8 Lev 24:3.

1Sa 3:3 - It was lighted every evening, and was extinguished in the

morning. In the morning the priests trimmed the seven lamps, borne by

the seven branches, with golden snuffers, carrying away the ashes in

golden dishes Exo 25:38 - and supplying the lamps at the same time with

fresh oil. What ultimately became of the candlestick is unknown. In

Solomon's temple there were ten separate candlesticks of pure gold,

five on the right and five on the left of the Holy Place 1Ki 7:49.

2Ch 4:7 - Their structure is not mentioned. They were carried away to

Babylon Jer 52:19 - In the temple erected after the Exile there was

again but one candlestick, and like the first, with seven branches.

It was this which was afterwards carried away by Titus to Rome, where

it was deposited in the Temple of Peace. When Genseric plundered

Rome, he is said to have carried it to Carthage (A.D. 455) It was

recaptured by Belisarius (A.D. 533) and carried to Constantinople

and thence to Jerusalem, where it finally disappeared.





Cane





A tall sedgy plant with a hollow stem, growing in moist places. In

Isa 43:24 Jer 6:20 - the Hebrew word - kaneh - is thus rendered, giving

its name to the plant. It is rendered "reed" in 1Ki 14:15 Job 40:21.

Isa 19:6 35:7. In Psa 68:30 - the expression "company of spearmen" is

in the margin and the Revised Version "beasts of the reeds," referring

probably to the crocodile or the hippopotamus as a symbol of Egypt.

In 2Ki 18:21 Isa 36:6 Eze 29:6-7 - the reference is to the weak,

fragile nature of the reed.



 See CALAMUS 00689.





Canker





A gangrene or mortification which gradually spreads over the whole

body 2Ti 2:17. In Jas 5:3 - "cankered" means "rusted" (R.V.) or

tarnished.





Cankerworm





(Heb. yelek), "the licking locust," which licks up the grass of the

field; probably the locust at a certain stage of its growth, just as

it emerges from the caterpillar state Joe 1:4 2:25 - The word is

rendered "caterpillar" in Psa 105:34 Jer 51:14-17 - (but R.V.

"canker-worm"). "It spoileth and fleeth away" Nah 3:16 - or as some

read the passage, "The cankerworm putteth off [i.e., the envelope of

its wings], and fleeth away."





Canneh





Mentioned only in Eze 27:23.



 See CALNEH 00696.





Canon





This word is derived from a Hebrew and Greek word denoting a reed or

cane. Hence it means something straight, or something to keep

straight; and hence also a rule, or something ruled or measured. It

came to be applied to the Scriptures, to denote that they contained

the authoritative rule of faith and practice, the standard of

doctrine and duty. A book is said to be of canonical authority when

it has a right to take a place with the other books which contain a

revelation of the Divine will. Such a right does not arise from any

ecclesiastical authority, but from the evidence of the inspired

authorship of the book. The canonical (i.e., the inspired) books of

the Old and New Testaments, are a complete rule, and the only rule,

of faith and practice. They contain the whole supernatural revelation

of God to men. The New Testament Canon was formed gradually under

divine guidance. The different books as they were written came into

the possession of the Christian associations which began to be formed

soon after the day of Pentecost; and thus slowly the canon increased

till all the books were gathered together into one collection

containing the whole of the twenty-seven New Testament inspired

books. Historical evidence shows that from about the middle of the

second century this New Testament collection was substantially such

as we now possess. Each book contained in it is proved to have, on

its own ground, a right to its place; and thus the whole is of divine

authority. The Old Testament Canon is witnessed to by the New

Testament writers. Their evidence is conclusive. The quotations in

the New from the Old are very numerous, and the references are much

more numerous. These quotations and references by our Lord and the

apostles most clearly imply the existence at that time of a

well-known and publicly acknowledged collection of Hebrew writings

under the designation of "The Scriptures;" "The Law and the Prophets

and the Psalms;" "Moses and the Prophets," etc. The appeals to these

books, moreover, show that they were regarded as of divine authority,

finally deciding all questions of which they treat; and that the

whole collection so recognized consisted only of the thirty-nine

books which we now posses. Thus they endorse as genuine and authentic

the canon of the Jewish Scriptures. The Septuagint Version (q.v.)

also contained every book we now have in the Old Testament

Scriptures. As to the time at which the Old Testament canon was

closed, there are many considerations which point to that of Ezra and

Nehemiah, immediately after the return from Babylonian exile.



 See BIBLE 00580.

 See EZRA 01294.

 See QUOTATIONS 03039.





Capernaum





Nahum's town, a Galilean city frequently mentioned in the history of

our Lord. It is not mentioned in the Old Testament. After our Lord's

expulsion from Nazareth Mat 4:13-16 Luk 4:16-31 - Capernaum became his

"own city." It was the scene of many acts and incidents of his life

Mat 8:5,14,15 9:2-6,10-17 15:1-20 Mar 1:32-34 - etc. The impenitence and

unbelief of its inhabitants after the many evidences our Lord gave

among them of the truth of his mission, brought down upon them a

heavy denunciation of judgement Mat 11:23 - It stood on the western

shore of the Sea of Galilee. The "land of Gennesaret," near, if not

in, which it was situated, was one of the most prosperous and crowded

districts of Palestine. This city lay on the great highway from

Damascus to Acco and Tyre. It has been identified with Tell Hum,

about two miles south-west of where the Jordan flows into the lake.

Here are extensive ruins of walls and foundations, and also the

remains of what must have been a beautiful synagogue, which it is

conjectured may have been the one built by the centurion Luk 7:5 - in

which our Lord frequently taught Joh 6:59 Mar 1:21 Luk 4:33 - Others

have conjectured that the ruins of the city are to be found at Khan

Minyeh, some three miles further to the south on the shore of the

lake. "If Tell Hum be Capernaum, the remains spoken of are without

doubt the ruins of the synagogue built by the Roman centurion, and

one of the most sacred places on earth. It was in this building that

our Lord gave the well-known discourse in Joh 6:1 - and it was not

without a certain strange feeling that on turning over a large block

we found the pot of manna engraved on its face, and remembered the

words, 'I am that bread of life: your fathers did eat manna in the

wilderness, and are dead.'", (The Recovery of Jerusalem.)





Caphtor





A chaplet, the original seat of the Philistines Deu 2:23 Jer 47:4.

Amo 9:7 - The name is found written in hieroglyphics in the temple of

Kom Ombos in Upper Egypt. But the exact situation of Caphtor is

unknown, though it is supposed to be Crete, since the Philistines seem

to be meant by the "Cherethites" in 1Sa 30:14 - see also 2Sa 8:18.

It may, however, have been a part of Egypt, the Caphtur in the north

Delta, since the Caphtorim were of the same race as the Mizraite

people Gen 10:14 1Ch 1:12.





Cappadocia





The easternmost and the largest province of Asia Minor. Christianity

very early penetrated into this country 1Pe 1:1 - On the day of

Pentecost there were Cappadocians at Jerusalem Act 2:9.





Captain





1. Heb. sar 1Sa 22:2 2Sa 23:19 - Rendered "chief," Gen 40:2 41:9.

   rendered also "prince," Dan 1:7 - "ruler," Jud 9:30 - "governor,'

   1Ki 22:26 - This same Hebrew word denotes a military captain

   Exo 18:21 2Ki 1:9 Deu 1:15 1Sa 18:13 - etc., the "captain of

   the body-guard" Gen 37:36 39:1 41:10 Jer 40:1 - or, as the

   word may be rendered, "chief of the executioners" (marg.). The

   officers of the king's body-guard frequently acted as

   executioners. Nebuzar-adan Jer 39:13 - and Arioch Dan 2:14.

   held this office in Babylon. The "captain of the guard" mentioned

   in Act 28:16 - was the Praetorian prefect, the commander of the

   Praetorian troops.

 2. Another word (Heb. katsin) so translated denotes sometimes a

    military Jos 10:24 Jud 11:6,11 Isa 22:3 - "rulers;" Dan 11:18.

    and sometimes a civil command, a judge, magistrate, Arab. - kady -,

    Isa 1:10 3:6 Mic 3:1,9.

 3. It is also the rendering of a Hebrew word (shalish) meaning "a

    third man," or "one of three." The LXX. render in plural by

    - tristatai -; i.e., "soldiers fighting from chariots," so called

    because each war-chariot contained three men, one of whom acted

    as charioteer while the other two fought Exo 14:7 15:4 1Ki 9:22.

    comp. 2Ki 9:25 - This word is used also to denote the king's

    body-guard 2Ki 10:25 1Ch 12:18 2Ch 11:11 - or aides-de-camp.

 4. The "captain of the temple" mentioned in Act 4:1 5:24.

    was not a military officer, but superintendent of the guard of

    priests and Levites who kept watch in the temple by night.

    (Comp. "the ruler of the house of God,") 1Ch 9:11 2Ch 31:13.

    Neh 11:11.

 5. The Captain of our salvation is a name given to our Lord

    Heb 2:10 - because he is the author and source of our salvation,

    the head of his people, whom he is conducting to glory. The

    "captain of the Lord's host" Jos 5:14-15 - is the name given to

    that mysterious person who manifested himself to Abraham

    Gen 12:7 - and to Moses in the bush Exo 3:2,6 - etc. the Angel

    of the covenant.



       See ANGEL 00240.





Captive





One taken in war. Captives were often treated with great cruelty and

indignity 1Ki 20:32 Jos 10:24 Jud 1:7 2Sa 4:12 Jud 8:7 2Sa 12:31.

1Ch 20:3 - When a city was taken by assault, all the men were slain,

and the women and children carried away captive and sold as slaves

Isa 20:1 47:3 2Ch 28:9-15 Psa 44:12 Joe 3:3 - and exposed to the most

cruel treatment Nah 3:10 Zec 14:2 Es 3:13 2Ki 8:12 Isa 13:16,18.

Captives were sometimes carried away into foreign countries, as was

the case with the Jews Jer 20:5 39:9-10 40:7.





Captivity





1. Of Israel. The kingdom of the ten tribes was successively

   invaded by several Assyrian kings. Pul (q.v.) imposed a tribute

   on Menahem of a thousand talents of silver 2Ki 15:19-20 1Ch 5:26.

   (B.C. 762) and Tiglath-pileser, in the days of Pekah (B.C. 738)

   carried away the trans-Jordanic tribes and the inhabitants of

   Galilee into Assyria 2Ki 15:29 Isa 9:1 - Subsequently

   Shalmaneser invaded Israel and laid siege to Samaria, the

   capital of the kingdom. During the siege he died, and was

   succeeded by Sargon, who took the city, and transported the

   great mass of the people into Assyria (B.C. 721) placing them in

   Halah and in Habor, and in the cities of the Medes 2Ki 17:3,5.

   Samaria was never again inhabited by the Israelites.  The

   families thus removed were carried to distant cities, many of

   them not far from the Caspian Sea, and their place was supplied

   by colonists from Babylon and Cuthah, etc.  2Ki 17:24 - Thus

   terminated the kingdom of the ten tribes, after a separate

   duration of two hundred and fifty-five years (B.C. 975) Many

   speculations have been indulged in with reference to these ten

   tribes. But we believe that all, except the number that probably

   allied themselves with Judah and shared in their restoration

   under Cyrus, are finally lost. "Like the dew on the mountain,

   Like the foam on the river, Like the bubble on the fountain,

   They are gone, and for ever."

 2. Of Judah. In the third year of Jehoiachim, the eighteenth king

    of Judah (B.C. 605) Nebuchadnezzar having overcome the

    Egyptians at Carchemish, advanced to Jerusalem with a great

    army. After a brief siege he took that city, and carried away

    the vessels of the sanctuary to Babylon, and dedicated them in

    the Temple of Belus 2Ki 24:1 2Ch 36:6-7 Dan 1:1-2 - He also

    carried away the treasures of the king, whom he made his vassal.

    At this time, from which is dated the "seventy years" of

    captivity Jer 25:1 - Dan 9:1-2 - Daniel and his companions were

    carried to Babylon, there to be brought up at the court and

    trained in all the learning of the Chaldeans. After this, in the

    fifth year of Jehoiakim, a great national fast was appointed

    Jer 36:9 - during which the king, to show his defiance, cut up

    the leaves of the book of Jeremiah's prophecies as they were

    read to him in his winter palace, and threw them into the fire.

    In the same spirit he rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar 2Ki 24:1.

    who again a second time (B.C. 598) marched against Jerusalem,

    and put Jehoiachim to death, placing his son Jehoiachin on the

    throne in his stead. But Jehoiachin's counsellors displeasing

    Nebuchadnezzar, he again a third time turned his army against

    Jerusalem, and carried away to Babylon a second detachment of

    Jews as captives, to the number of 10,000 2Ki 24:13 Jer 24:1.

    2Ch 36:10 - among whom were the king, with his mother and all his

    princes and officers, also Ezekiel, who with many of his

    companions were settled on the banks of the river Chebar (q.v.).

    He also carried away all the remaining treasures of the temple

    and the palace, and the golden vessels of the sanctuary.

    Mattaniah, the uncle of Jehoiachin, was now made king over what

    remained of the kingdom of Judah, under the name of Zedekiah

    2Ki 24:17 2Ch 36:10 - After a troubled reign of eleven years his

    kingdom came to an end 2Ch 36:11 - Nebuchadnezzar, with a

    powerful army, besieged Jerusalem, and Zedekiah became a

    prisoner in Babylon. His eyes were put out, and he was kept in

    close confinement till his death 2Ki 25:7 - The city was spoiled

    of all that was of value, and then given up to the flames. The

    temple and palaces were consumed, and the walls of the city were

    levelled with the ground (B.C. 586) and all that remained of

    the people, except a number of the poorest class who were left

    to till the ground and dress the vineyards, were carried away

    captives to Babylon. This was the third and last deportation of

    Jewish captives. The land was now utterly desolate, and was

    abondoned to anarchy. In the first year of his reign as king of

    Babylon (B.C. 536) Cyrus issued a decree liberating the Jewish

    captives, and permitting them to return to Jerusalem and rebuild

    the city and the temple 2Ch 36:22-23 Ezr 1:1-2:1 - The

    number of the people forming the first caravan, under

    Zerubbabel, amounted in all to 42,360 Ezr 2:64-65 - besides

    7,337 men-servants and maid-servants. A considerable number,

    12,000 probably, from the ten tribes who had been carried away

    into Assyria no doubt combined with this band of liberated

    captives. At a later period other bands of the Jews returned

     a. under Ezr 7:7 - (B.C. 458) and

     b. Nehemiah Neh 7:66 - (B.C. 445) But the great mass of the

        people remained still in the land to which they had been

        carried, and became a portion of the Jews of the

        "dispersion" Joh 7:35 1Pe 1:1 - The whole number of the

        exiles that chose to remain was probably about six times

        the number of those who returned.



 See EXILE 01282.





Carbuncle





Exo 28:17 39:10 Eze 28:13 - Heb. barkath; LXX. smaragdos; Vulgate,

smaragdus; Revised Version, marg., "emerald." The Hebrew word is from

a root meaning "to glitter," "lighten," "flash." When held up to the

sun, this gem shines like a burning coal, a dark-red glowing coal,

and hence is called "carbunculus", i.e., a little coal. It was one of

the jewels in the first row of the high priest's breastplate. It has

been conjectured by some that the garnet is meant. In Isa 54:12 - the

Hebrew word is - 'ekdah -, used in the prophetic description of the

glory and beauty of the mansions above. Next to the diamond it is the

hardest and most costly of all precious stones.





Carcase





Contact with a, made an Israelite ceremonially unclean, and made

whatever he touched also unclean, according to the Mosaic law

Hag 2:13 - comp. Num 19:16,22 Lev 11:39.





Carchemish





Fortress of Chemosh, a city on the west bank of the Euphrates

Jer 46:2 2Ch 35:20 - not, as was once supposed, the Circesium at the

confluence of the Chebar and the Euphrates, but a city considerably

higher up the river, and commanding the ordinary passage of the

Euphrates; probably identical with Hierapolis. It was the capital of

the kingdom of the northern Hittites. The Babylonian army, under

Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabopolassar, here met and conquered the

army of Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt (B.C. 607) It is mentioned in

monuments in B.C. 1600 and down to B.C. 717





Carmel





A park; generally with the article, "the park."

 1. A prominent headland of Central Palestine, consisting of several

    connected hills extending from the plain of Esdraelon to the

    sea, a distance of some 12 miles or more. At the east end, in

    its highest part, it is 1,728 feet high, and at the west end it

    forms a promontory to the bay of Acre about 600 feet above the

    sea. It lay within the tribe of Asher. It was here, at the east

    end of the ridge, at a place called el-Mukhrakah (i.e., the

    place of burning), that Elijah brought back the people to their

    allegiance to God, and slew the prophets of Baal 1Ki 18:1.

    Here were consumed the "fifties" of the royal guard; and here

    also Elisha received the visit of the bereaved mother whose son

    was restored by him to life 2Ki 4:25-37 - "No mountain in or

    around Palestine retains its ancient beauty so much as Carmel.

    Two or three villages and some scattered cottages are found on

    it; its groves are few but luxuriant; it is no place for crags

    and precipices or rocks of wild goats; but its surface is

    covered with a rich and constant verdure." "The whole

    mountain-side is dressed with blossom, and flowering shrubs, and

    fragrant herbs." The western extremity of the ridge is, however,

    more rocky and bleak than the eastern. The head of the bride in

    Son 7:5 - is compared to Carmel. It is ranked with Bashan on

    account of its rich pastures Isa 33:9 Jer 50:19 Amo 1:2 - The

    whole ridge is deeply furrowed with rocky ravines filled with

    dense jungle. There are many caves in its sides, which at one

    time were inhabited by swarms of monks. These caves are referred

    to in Amo 9:3 - To them Elijah and Elisha often resorted

    1Ki 18:19,42 2Ki 2:25 - On its north-west summit there is an

    ancient establishment of Carmelite monks. Vineyards have

    recently been planted on the mount by the German colonists of

    Haifa. The modern Arabic name of the mount is Kurmul, but more

    commonly Jebel Mar Elyas, i.e., Mount St. Elias, from the

    Convent of Elias.

 2. A town in the hill country of Judah Jos 15:55 - the residence of

    Nabal 1Sa 25:2,5,7,40 - and the native place of Abigail, who

    became David's wife 1Sa 27:3 - Here king Uzziah had his vineyards

    2Ch 26:10 - The ruins of this town still remain under the name of

    Kurmul, about 10 miles south-south-east of Hebron, close to

    those of Maon.





Carmi





Vine-dresser.

 1. The last named of the four sons of Reuben Gen 46:9.

 2. A descendant of Judah 1Ch 4:1 - He is elsewhere 1Ch 2:18 - called

    Caleb (q.v.).

 3. The son of Zimri, and the father of Achan Jos 7:1 - "the troubler

    of Israel."





Carnal





Unconverted men are so called 1Co 3:3 - They are represented as of a

"carnal mind, which is enmity against God" Rom 8:6-7 - Enjoyments that

minister to the wants and desires of man's animal nature are so

called Rom 15:27 1Co 9:11 - The ceremonial of the Mosaic law is spoken

of as "carnal," because it related to things outward, the bodies of

men and of animals, and the purification of the flesh Heb 7:16 9:10.

The weapons of Christian warfare are "not carnal", that is, they are

not of man's device, nor are wielded by human power 2Co 10:4.





Carpenter





An artificer in stone, iron, and copper, as well as in wood 2Sa 5:11.

1Ch 14:1 Mar 6:3 - The tools used by carpenters are mentioned in

1Sa 13:19-20 Jud 4:21 Isa 10:15 44:13 - It was said of our Lord, "Is

not this the carpenter's son?" Mat 13:55 - also, "Is not this the

carpenter?" Mar 6:3 - Every Jew, even the rabbis, learned some

handicraft: Paul was a tentmaker. "In the cities the carpenters would

be Greeks, and skilled workmen; the carpenter of a provincial village

could only have held a very humble position, and secured a very

moderate competence."





Carriage





In the Authorized Version this word is found as the rendering of many

different words. In Jud 18:21 - it means valuables, wealth, or booty.

In Isa 46:1 - (R.V., "the things that ye carried about") the word

means a load for a beast of burden. In 1Sa 17:22 Isa 10:28 - it

is the rendering of a word ("stuff" in) 1Sa 10:22 - meaning

implements, equipments, baggage. The phrase in Act 21:15 - "We took up

our carriages," means properly, "We packed up our baggage," as in the

Revised Version.





Cart





A vehicle moving on wheels, and usually drawn by oxen 2Sa 6:3 - The

Hebrew word thus rendered, - 'agalah - 1Sa 6:7-8 - is also rendered

"wagon" Gen 45:19 - It is used also to denote a war-chariot Psa 46:9.

Carts were used for the removal of the ark and its sacred utensils

Num 7:3,6 - After retaining the ark amongst them for seven months, the

Philistines sent it back to the Israelites. On this occasion they set

it in a new cart, probably a rude construction, with solid wooden

wheels like that still used in Western Asia, which was drawn by two

milch cows, which conveyed it straight to Beth-shemesh. A "cart

rope," for the purpose of fastening loads on carts, is used Isa 5:18.

as a symbol of the power of sinful pleasures or habits over him who

indulges them.

 See CORD 00898.

In Syria and Palestine wheel-carriages for any other purpose than the

conveyance of agricultural produce are almost unknown.





Carve





The arts of engraving and carving were much practised among the Jews.

They were practised in connection with the construction of the

tabernacle and the temple Exo 31:2,5 35:33 1Ki 6:18,35 Psa 74:6 - as

well as in the ornamentation of the priestly dresses Exo 28:9-36.

Zec 3:9 2Ch 2:7,14. Isaiah Isa 44:13-17 - gives a minute description

of the process of carving idols of wood.





Casement





A barrier of open-work placed before windows Pro 7:6 - In Jud 5:28 - the

Hebrew word is rendered "lattice," in the LXX. "network," an opening

through which cool air is admitted.





Casiphia





Silver, a place between Babylon and Jerusalem, where Iddo resided

Ezr 8:17 - otherwise unknown.





Casluhim





Fortified, a people descended from Mizraim Gen 10:14 1Ch 1:12 - Their

original seat was probably somewhere in Lower Egypt, along the

sea-coast to the south border of Palestine.





Cassia





1. Hebrew - kiddah' -, i.e., "split." One of the principal spices of

   the holy anointing oil Exo 30:24 - and an article of commerce

   Eze 27:19 - It is the inner bark of a tree resembling the

   cinnamon (q.v.), the Cinnamomum cassia of botanists, and was

   probably imported from India.

 2. Hebrew pl. - ketzi'oth - Psa 45:8 - Mentioned in connection with

    myrrh and aloes as being used to scent garments. It was probably

    prepared from the peeled bark, as the Hebrew word suggests, of

    some kind of cinnamon.





Castaway





Gr. adokimos, 1Co 9:27 - one regarded as unworthy (R.V., "rejected");

elsewhere rendered "reprobate" 2Ti 3:8 - etc.; "rejected" Heb 6:8.

etc.





Castle





A military fortress 1Ch 11:7 - also probably a kind of tower used by

the priests for making known anything discovered at a distance

1Ch 6:54 - Castles are also mentioned Gen 25:16 - as a kind of

watch-tower, from which shepherds kept watch over their flocks by

night. The "castle" into which the chief captain commanded Paul to be

brought was the quarters of the Roman soldiers in the fortress of

Antonia (so called by Herod after his patron Mark Antony), which was

close to the north-west corner of the temple Act 21:34 - which it

commanded.





Castor and Pollux





The "Dioscuri", two heroes of Greek and Roman mythology.  Their

figures were probably painted or sculptured on the prow of the ship

which Luke refers to Act 28:11 - They were regarded as the tutelary

divinities of sailors. They appeared in the heavens as the

constellation Gemini.





Caterpillar





The consumer. Used in the Old Testament 1Ki 8:37 2Ch 6:28 Psa 78:46,

Isa 33:4 - as the translation of a word (hasil) the root of which means

"to devour" or "consume," and which is used also with reference to

the locust in Deu 28:38 - It may have been a species of locust, or the

name of one of the transformations through which the locust passes,

locust-grub. It is also found Psa 105:34 Jer 51:14,27 - (R.V.,

"cankerworm") as the rendering of a different Hebrew word, - yelek -, a

word elsewhere rendered "cankerworm" (q.v.), Joe 1:4 2:25.



 See LOCUST 02309.





Catholic Epistles





The epistles of James, Peter, John, and Jude; so called because they

are addressed to Christians in general, and not to any church or

person in particular.





Cattle





Abounded in the Holy Land. To the rearing and management of them the

inhabitants chiefly devoted themselves Deu 8:13 12:21 1Sa 11:5 12:3.

Psa 144:14 Jer 3:24 - They may be classified as,

 1. Meat cattle. Many hundreds of these were yearly consumed in

    sacrifices or used for food. The finest herds were found in

    Bashan, beyond Jordan Num 32:4 - Large herds also pastured on the

    wide fertile plains of Sharon. They were yoked to the plough

    1Ki 19:19 - and were employed for carrying burdens 1Ch 12:40.

    They were driven with a pointed rod Jud 3:31 - or goad (q.v.).

    According to the Mosaic law, the mouths of cattle employed for

    the threshing-floor were not to be muzzled, so as to prevent

    them from eating of the provender over which they trampled

    Deu 25:4 - Whosoever stole and sold or slaughtered an ox must

    give five in satisfaction Exo 22:1 - but if it was found

    alive in the possession of him who stole it, he was required to

    make double restitution only Exo 22:4 - If an ox went astray,

    whoever found it was required to bring it back to its owner

    Exo 23:4 Deu 22:1,4 - An ox and an ass could not be yoked

    together in the plough Deu 22:10.

 2. Small cattle. Next to herds of neat cattle, sheep formed the

    most important of the possessions of the inhabitants of

    Palestine Gen 12:16 13:5 26:14 21:27 29:2-3 - They are frequently

    mentioned among the booty taken in war Num 31:32 Jos 6:21.

    1Sa 14:32 15:3 - There were many who were owners of large flocks

    1Sa 25:2 2Sa 12:2 - comp. Job 1:3 - Kings also had shepherds

    "over their flocks" 1Ch 27:31 - from which they derived a

    large portion of their revenue 2Sa 17:29 1Ch 12:40 - The

    districts most famous for their flocks of sheep were the plain

    of Sharon Isa 65:10 - Mount Carmel Mic 7:14 - Bashan and

    Gilead Mic 7:14 - In patriarchal times the flocks of sheep

    were sometimes tended by the daughters of the owners. Thus

    Rachel, the daughter of Laban, kept her father's sheep Gen 29:9.

    as also Zipporah and her six sisters had charge of their father

    Jethro's flocks Exo 2:16 - Sometimes they were kept by hired

    shepherds Joh 10:12 - and sometimes by the sons of the

    family 1Sa 16:11 17:15 - The keepers so familiarized their

    sheep with their voices that they knew them, and followed them

    at their call. Sheep, but more especially rams and lambs, were

    frequently offered in sacrifice.  The shearing of sheep was a

    great festive occasion 1Sa 25:4 2Sa 13:23 - They were folded

    at night, and guarded by their keepers against the attacks of

    the lion Mic 5:8 - the bear 1Sa 17:34 - and the wolf

    Mat 10:16 Joh 10:12 - They were liable to wander over the

    wide pastures and go astray Psa 119:176 Isa 53:6 Hos 4:16 Mat 18:12.

    Goats also formed a part of the pastoral wealth of Palestine

    Gen 15:9 32:14 37:31 - They were used both for sacrifice and

    for food Deu 14:4 - especially the young males Gen 27:9,14,17.

    Jud 6:19 13:15 1Sa 16:20 - Goat's hair was used for making tent

    cloth Exo 26:7 36:14 - and for mattresses and bedding

    1Sa 19:13,16.



      See GOAT 01509.





Caul





(Heb. yothe'reth; i.e., "something redundant"), the membrane which

covers the upper part of the liver Exo 29:13,22 Lev 3:4,10,15 4:9 7:4.

marg., "midriff"). In Hos 13:8 - (Heb. seghor; i.e., "an enclosure")

the pericardium, or parts about the heart, is meant.





Cauls





In Isa 3:18 - this word (Heb. shebisim), in the marg. "networks,"

denotes network caps to contain the hair, worn by females. Others

explain it as meaning "wreaths worn round the forehead, reaching from

one ear to the other."





Causeway





A raised way, an ascent by steps, or a raised slope between Zion and

the temple 1Ch 26:16,18 - In 2Ch 9:11 - the same word is translated

"terrace."





Cave





There are numerous natural caves among the limestone rocks of Syria,

many of which have been artificially enlarged for various purposes.

The first notice of a cave occurs in the history of Lot Gen 19:30 - The

next we read of is the cave of Machpelah (q.v.), which Abraham

purchased from the sons of Heth Gen 25:9-10 - It was the burying-place

of Sarah and of Abraham himself, also of Isaac, Rebekah, Leah, and

Jacob Gen 49:31 50:13 - The cave of Makkedah, into which the five

Amorite kings retired after their defeat by Joshua Jos 10:16,27 - The

cave of Adullam (q.v.), an immense natural cavern, where David hid

himself from Saul 1Sa 22:1-2 - The cave of Engedi (q.v.), now called

'Ain Jidy, i.e., the "Fountain of the Kid", where David cut off the

skirt of Saul's robe 1Sa 24:4 - Here he also found a shelter for

himself and his followers to the number of 600 1Sa 23:29 24:1 - "On

all sides the country is full of caverns which might serve as

lurking-places for David and his men, as they do for outlaws at the

present day." The cave in which Obadiah hid the prophets 1Ki 18:4.

was probably in the north, but it cannot be identified. The cave of

Elijah 1Ki 19:9 - and the "cleft" of Moses on Horeb Exo 33:22 - cannot

be determined. In the time of Gideon the Israelites took refuge from

the Midianites in dens and caves, such as abounded in the mountain

regions of Manasseh Jud 6:2 - Caves were frequently used as

dwelling-places Num 24:21 So 2:14 Jer 49:16 Ob 1:3 - "The excavations

at Deir Dubban, on the south side of the wady leading to Santa

Hanneh, are probably the dwellings of the Horites," the ancient

inhabitants of Idumea Proper. The pits or cavities in rocks were also

sometimes used as prisons Isa 24:22 51:14 Zec 9:11 - Those which had

niches in their sides were occupied as burying-places

Eze 32:23 Joh 11:38.





Cedar





(Heb. e'rez, Gr. kedros, Lat. cedrus), a tree very frequently

mentioned in Scripture. It was stately Eze 31:3-5 - long-branched

Psa 80:10 92:12 Eze 31:6-9 - odoriferous Son 4:11 Hos 14:6 - durable, and

therefore much used for boards, pillars, and ceilings 1Ki 6:9-10 7:2.

Jer 22:14 - for masts Eze 27:5 - and for carved images Isa 44:14 - It

grew very abundantly in Palestine, and particularly on Lebanon, of

which it was "the glory" Isa 35:2 60:13 - Hiram supplied Solomon with

cedar trees from Lebanon for various purposes connected with the

construction of the temple and the king's palace 2Sa 5:11 7:2,7.

1Ki 5:6,8,10 6:9-10,15-16,18,20 7:2-3,7,11-12 9:11 - etc. Cedars were

used also in the building of the second temple under Zerubbabel

Ezr 3:7 - Of the ancient cedars of Lebanon there remain now only some

seven or eight. They are not standing together. But beside them there are

found between three hundred and four hundred of younger growth. They

stand in an amphitheatre fronting the west, about 6,400 feet above

the level of the sea. The cedar is often figuratively alluded to in

the sacred Scriptures. "The mighty conquerors of olden days, the

despots of Assyria and the Pharaohs of Egypt, the proud and

idolatrous monarchs of Judah, the Hebrew commonwealth itself, the

war-like Ammonites of patriarchal times, and the moral majesty of the

Messianic age, are all compared to the towering cedar, in its royal

loftiness and supremacy Isa 2:13 Eze 17:3,22-23 31:3-9 Amo 2:9.

Zec 11:1-2 Job 40:17 Psa 29:5 80:10 92:12 - etc.", Groser's Scrip. Nat.

Hist.



 See BOX-TREE 00636.





Cedron





The black torrent, the brook flowing through the ravine below the

eastern wall of Jerusalem Joh 18:1.



 See KIDRON 02187.





Ceiling





The covering 1Ki 7:3,7 - of the inside roof and walls of a house with

planks of wood 2Ch 3:5 Jer 22:14 - Ceilings were sometimes adorned

with various ornaments in stucco, gold, silver, gems, and ivory. The

ceilings of the temple and of Solomon's palace are described

1Ki 6:9,15 7:3 2Ch 3:5,9.





Cellar





A subterranean vault 1Ch 27:28 - a storehouse. The word is also used to

denote the treasury of the temple 1Ki 7:51 - and of the king

1Ki 14:26 - The Hebrew word is rendered "garner" in Joe 1:17 - and

"armoury" in Jer 50:25.





Cenchrea





Millet, the eastern harbour of Corinth, from which it was distant

about 9 miles east, and the outlet for its trade with the Asiatic

shores of the Mediterranean. When Paul returned from his second

missionary journey to Syria, he sailed from this port Act 18:18. In

Rom 16:1 - he speaks as if there were at the time of his writing that

epistle an organized church there. The western harbour of Corinth was

Lechaeum, about a mile and a half from the city. It was the channel

of its trade with Italy and the west.





Censer





The vessel in which incense was presented on "the golden altar" before

the Lord in the temple Exo 30:1-9 - The priest filled the censer with

live coal from the sacred fire on the altar of burnt-offering, and

having carried it into the sanctuary, there threw upon the burning

coals the sweet incense Lev 16:12-13 - which sent up a cloud of smoke,

filling the apartment with fragrance. The censers in daily use were

of brass Num 16:39 - and were designated by a different Hebrew name,

- miktereth - 2Ch 26:19 Eze 8:11 - while those used on the day of

Atonement were of gold, and were denoted by a word (mahtah) meaning

"something to take fire with;" LXX. pureion a fire-pan. Solomon

prepared for the temple censers of pure gold 1Ki 7:50 2Ch 4:22 - The

angel in the Apocalypse is represented with a golden censer Rev 8:3,5.

Paul speaks of the golden censer as belonging to the tabernacle

Heb 9:4 - The Greek word thumiaterion, here rendered "censer," may

more appropriately denote, as in the margin of Revised Version, "the

altar of incense." Paul does not here say that the thumiaterion was

in the holiest, for it was in the holy place, but that the holiest

had it, i.e., that it belonged to the holiest 1Ki 6:22 - It was

intimately connected with the high priest's service in the holiest.

The manner in which the censer is to be used is described in

Num 4:14 Lev 16:12.





Census





There are five instances of a census of the Jewish people having been

taken.

 1. In the fourth month after the Exodus, when the people were

    encamped at Sinai. The number of men from twenty years old and

    upward was then 603,550 Exo 38:26.

 2. Another census was made just before the entrance into Canaan,

    when the number was found to be 601,000 showing thus a small

    decrease Num 26:51.

 3. The next census was in the time of David, when the number,

    exclusive of the tribes of Levi and Benjamin, was found to be

    1,300,000 2Sa 24:9 1Ch 21:5.

 4. Solomon made a census of the foreigners in the land, and found

    153,600 able-bodied workmen 2Ch 2:17-18.

 5. After the return from Exile the whole congregation of Israel was

    numbered, and found to amount to 42,360 Ezr 2:64 - A census was

    made by the Roman government in the time of our Lord Luk 2:1.



 See TAXING 03595.





Centurion





A Roman officer in command of a hundred men Mar 15:39,44,45 - Cornelius,

the first Gentile convert, was a centurion Act 10:1-22 - Other

centurions are mentioned in Mat 8:5,8,13 Luk 7:2,6 Act 21:32 22:25-26.

Act 23:17,23 24:23 27:1,6,11,31,43 28:16 - A centurion watched the

crucifixion of our Lord Mat 27:54 Luk 23:47 - and when he saw the

wonders attending it, exclaimed, "Truly this man was the Son of God."

"The centurions mentioned in the New Testament are uniformly spoken

of in terms of praise, whether in the Gospels or in the Acts. It is

interesting to compare this with the statement of Polybius (vi. 24)

that the centurions were chosen by merit, and so were men remarkable

not so much for their daring courage as for their deliberation,

constancy, and strength of mind.", Dr. Maclear's N. T. Hist.





Cephas





A Syriac surname given by Christ to Simon Joh 1:42 - meaning "rock."

The Greeks translated it by Petros, and the Latins by Petrus.





Cesarea





 See CAESAREA 00682.





Chaff





The refuse of winnowed corn. It was usually burned Exo 15:7 Isa 5:24.

Mat 3:12 - This word sometimes, however, means dried grass or hay

Isa 5:24 33:11 - Chaff is used as a figure of abortive wickedness

Psa 1:4 Mat 3:12 - False doctrines are also called chaff Jer 23:28.

or more correctly rendered "chopped straw." The destruction of the

wicked, and their powerlessness, are likened to the carrying away of

chaff by the wind Isa 17:13 Hos 13:3 Zep 2:2.





Chain





 1. A part of the insignia of office. A chain of gold was placed

    about Joseph's neck Gen 41:42 - and one was promised to Daniel

    Dan 5:7 - It is used as a symbol of sovereignty Eze 16:11 - The

    breast-plate of the high-priest was fastened to the ephod by

    golden chains Exo 39:17,21.

 2. It was used as an ornament Pro 1:9 So 1:10 - The Midianites

    adorned the necks of their camels with chains Jud 8:21,26.

 3. Chains were also used as fetters wherewith prisoners were bound

    Jud 16:21 2Sa 3:34 2Ki 25:7 Jer 39:7 - Paul was in this manner

    bound to a Roman soldier Act 28:20 Eph 6:20 2Ti 1:16 - Sometimes,

    for the sake of greater security, the prisoner was attached by

    two chains to two soldiers, as in the case of Peter Act 12:6.





Chalcedony





Mentioned only in Rev 21:19 - as one of the precious stones in the

foundation of the New Jerusalem. The name of this stone is derived

from Chalcedon, where it is said to have been first discovered. In

modern mineralogy this is the name of an agate-like quartz of a

bluish colour. Pliny so names the Indian ruby. The mineral intended

in Revelation is probably the Hebrew - nophekh -, translated "emerald"

Exo 28:18 39:11 Eze 27:16 28:13 - It is rendered "anthrax" in the LXX.,

and "carbunculus" in the Vulgate.



 See CARBUNCLE 00721.





Chaldea





The southern portion of Babylonia, Lower Mesopotamia, lying chiefly on

the right bank of the Euphrates, but commonly used of the whole of

the Mesopotamian plain. The Hebrew name is Kasdim, which is usually

rendered "Chaldeans" Jer 50:10 51:24,35 - The country so named is a

vast plain formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris,

extending to about 400 miles along the course of these rivers, and

about 100 miles in average breadth. "In former days the vast plains

of Babylon were nourished by a complicated system of canals and

water-courses, which spread over the surface of the country like a

network. The wants of a teeming population were supplied by a rich

soil, not less bountiful than that on the banks of the Egyptian Nile.

Like islands rising from a golden sea of waving corn stood frequent

groves of palm-trees and pleasant gardens, affording to the idler or

traveller their grateful and highly-valued shade. Crowds of

passengers hurried along the dusty roads to and from the busy city.

The land was rich in corn and wine." Recent discoveries, more

especially in Babylonia, have thrown much light on the history of the

Hebrew patriarchs, and have illustrated or confirmed the Biblical

narrative in many points. The ancestor of the Hebrew people, Abram,

was, we are told, born at "Ur of the Chaldees." "Chaldees" is a

mistranslation of the Hebrew - Kasdim -, Kasdim being the Old Testament

name of the Babylonians, while the Chaldees were a tribe who lived on

the shores of the Persian Gulf, and did not become a part of the

Babylonian population till the time of Hezekiah. Ur was one of the

oldest and most famous of the Babylonian cities. Its site is now

called Mugheir, or Mugayyar, on the western bank of the Euphrates, in

Southern Babylonia. About a century before the birth of Abram it was

ruled by a powerful dynasty of kings. Their conquests extended to

Elam on the one side, and to the Lebanon on the other. They were

followed by a dynasty of princes whose capital was Babylon, and who

seem to have been of South Arabian origin. The founder of the dynasty

was Sumu-abi ("Shem is my father"). But soon afterwards Babylonia

fell under Elamite dominion. The kings of Babylon were compelled to

acknowledge the supremacy of Elam, and a rival kingdom to that of

Babylon, and governed by Elamites, sprang up at Larsa, not far from

Ur, but on the opposite bank of the river. In the time of Abram the

king of Larsa was Eri-Aku, the son of an Elamite prince, and Eri-Aku,

as has long been recognized, is the Biblical "Arioch king of Ellasar"

Gen 14:1 - The contemporaneous king of Babylon in the north, in the

country termed Shinar in Scripture, was Khammu-rabi.



 See BABYLON 00409.

 See ABRAHAM 00054.

 See AMRAPHEL 00221.





Chaldee Language





Employed by the sacred writers in certain portions of the Old

Testament, viz., Dan 2:4-7,28 Ezr 4:8-Ezr 6:18 7:12-26 Ge 31:46.

Jer 10:11 - It is the Aramaic dialect, as it is sometimes called,

as distinguished from the Hebrew dialect. It was the language of

commerce and of social intercourse in Western Asia, and after the

Exile gradually came to be the popular language of Palestine. It is

called "Syrian" in 2Ki 18:26 - Some isolated words in this

language are preserved in the New Testament Mat 5:22 6:24 16:17 27:46.

Mar 3:17 5:41 7:34 14:36 Act 1:19 1Co 16:22 - These are specimens of

the vernacular language of Palestine at that period. The term

"Hebrew" was also sometimes applied to the Chaldee because it had

become the language of the Hebrews Joh 5:2 19:20.





Chaldees





Or Chaldeans, the inhabitants of the country of which Babylon was the

capital. They were so called till the time of the Captivity 2Ki 25:1.

Isa 13:19 23:13 - when, particularly in the Book of Daniel

Dan 5:30 9:1 - the name began to be used with special reference to

a class of learned men ranked with the magicians and astronomers.

These men cultivated the ancient Cushite language of the original

inhabitants of the land, for they had a "learning" and a "tongue"

Dan 1:4 - of their own. The common language of the country at that

time had become assimilated to the Semitic dialect, especially

through the influence of the Assyrians, and was the language that was

used for all civil purposes. The Chaldeans were the learned class,

interesting themselves in science and religion, which consisted, like

that of the ancient Arabians and Syrians, in the worship of the

heavenly bodies.  There are representations of this priestly class,

of magi and diviners, on the walls of the Assyrian palaces.





Chamber





"on the wall," which the Shunammite prepared for the prophet Elisha

2Ki 4:10 - was an upper chamber over the porch through the hall toward

the street. This was the "guest chamber" where entertainments were

prepared Mar 14:14 - There were also "chambers within chambers"

1Ki 22:25 2Ki 9:2 - To enter into a chamber is used metaphorically of

prayer and communion with God Isa 26:20 - The "chambers of the south"

Job 9:9 - are probably the constelations of the southern hemisphere.

The "chambers of imagery", i.e., chambers painted with images, as

used by Ezekiel Eze 8:12 - is an expression denoting the vision the

prophet had of the abominations practised by the Jews in Jerusalem.





Chambering





Rom 13:13 - wantonness, impurity.





Chamberlain





A confidential servant of the king Gen 37:36 39:1-5 - In Rom 16:23.

mention is made of "Erastus the chamberlain." Here the word denotes the

treasurer of the city, or the quaestor, as the Romans styled him. He is

almost the only convert from the higher ranks of whom mention is made

(comp.) Act 17:34 - Blastus, Herod's "chamberlain" Act 12:20 - was his

personal attendant or valet-de-chambre. The Hebrew word - saris -, thus

translated in Est 1:10,15 2:3,14,21 - etc., properly means an eunuch

(as in the marg.), as it is rendered in Isa 39:7 56:3.





Chameleon





A species of lizard which has the faculty of changing the colour of

its skin. It is ranked among the unclean animals in Lev 11:30 - where

the Hebrew word so translated is - coah - (R.V., "land crocodile"). In

the same verse the Hebrew - tanshemeth -, rendered in Authorized

Version "mole," is in Revised Version "chameleon," which is the

correct rendering. This animal is very common in Egypt and in the

Holy Land, especially in the Jordan valley.





Chamois





Only in Deu 14:5 - (Heb. zemer), an animal of the deer or gazelle

species. It bears this Hebrew name from its leaping or springing. The

animal intended is probably the wild sheep (Ovis tragelephus), which

is still found in Sinai and in the broken ridges of Stony Arabia. The

LXX. and Vulgate render the word by camelopardus, i.e., the giraffe;

but this is an animal of Central Africa, and is not at all known in

Syria.





Champion





1Sa 17:4,23 - properly "the man between the two," denoting the position

of Goliath between the two camps. Single combats of this kind at the

head of armies were common in ancient times. In 1Sa 17:51 - this word

is the rendering of a different Hebrew word, and properly denotes "a

mighty man."





Chance





Luk 10:31 - "It was not by chance that the priest came down by that road

at that time, but by a specific arrangement and in exact fulfilment

of a plan; not the plan of the priest, nor the plan of the wounded

traveller, but the plan of God. By coincidence (Gr. sungkuria) the

priest came down, that is, by the conjunction of two things, in fact,

which were previously constituted a pair in the providence of God. In

the result they fell together according to the omniscient Designer's

plan. This is the true theory of the divine government." Compare the

meeting of Philip with the Ethiopian Act 8:26-27 - There is no "chance"

in God's empire. "Chance" is only another word for our want of

knowledge as to the way in which one event falls in with another

1Sa 6:9 Ec 9:11.





Chancellor





One who has judicial authority, literally, a "lord of judgement;" a

title given to the Persian governor of Samaria Ezr 4:8-9,17.





Changes of Raiment





Were reckoned among the treasures of rich men Gen 45:22 Jud 14:12-13.

2Ki 5:22,23.





Channel





 1. The bed of the sea or of a river Psa 18:15 Isa 8:7.

 2. The "chanelbone" Job 31:22 - marg., properly "tube" or "shaft,"

    an old term for the collar-bone.





Chapel





A holy place or sanctuary, occurs only in Amo 7:13 - where one of the

idol priests calls Bethel "the king's chapel."





Chapiter





The ornamental head or capital of a pillar. Three Hebrew words are so

rendered.

 1. - Cothereth - 1Ki 7:16 2Ki 25:17 2Ch 4:12 - meaning a "diadem" or

    "crown."

 2. - Tzepheth - 2Ch 3:15.

 3. - Rosh - Exo 36:38 38:17,19,28 - properly a "head" or "top."





Chapter





The several books of the Old and New Testaments were from an early

time divided into chapters. The Pentateuch was divided by the ancient

Hebrews into 54 - parshioth - or sections, one of which was read in

the synagogue every Sabbath day Act 13:15 - These sections were

afterwards divided into 669 - sidrim - or orders of unequal length.

The Prophets were divided in somewhat the same manner into

- haphtaroth - or passages. In the early Latin and Greek versions of

the Bible, similar divisions of the several books were made. The New

Testament books were also divided into portions of various lengths

under different names, such as titles and heads or chapters. In

modern times this ancient example was imitated, and many attempts of

the kind were made before the existing division into chapters was

fixed. The Latin Bible published by Cardinal Hugo of St. Cher in A.D.

1240 is generally regarded as the first Bible that was divided into

our present chapters, although it appears that some of the chapters

were fixed as early as A.D. 1059 This division into chapters came

gradually to be adopted in the published editions of the Hebrew, with

some few variations, and of the Greek Scriptures, and hence of other

versions.





Charashim





Craftsmen, a valley named in 1Ch 4:14 - In Neh 11:35 - the Hebrew word

is rendered "valley of craftsmen" (R.V. marg., Geha-rashim). Nothing

is known of it.





Charger





A bowl or deep dish. The silver vessels given by the heads of the

tribes for the services of the tabernacle are so named Num 7:13 - etc.

The "charger" in which the Baptist's head was presented was a platter

or flat wooden trencher Mat 14:8,11 Mar 6:25,28 - The chargers of gold

and silver of Ezr 1:9 - were probably basins for receiving the blood

of sacrifices.





Chariot





A vehicle generally used for warlike purposes. Sometimes, though but

rarely, it is spoken of as used for peaceful purposes. The first

mention of the chariot is when Joseph, as a mark of distinction, was

placed in Pharaoh's second state chariot Gen 41:43 - and the next, when

he went out in his own chariot to meet his father Jacob Gen 46:29.

Chariots formed part of the funeral procession of Jacob Gen 50:9 - When

Pharaoh pursued the Israelites he took 600 war-chariots with him

Exo 14:7 - The Canaanites in the valleys of Palestine had chariots of

iron Jos 17:18 Jud 1:19 - Jabin, the king of Canaan, had 900

chariots Jud 4:3 - and in Saul's time the Philistines had 30,000 In

his wars with the king of Zobah and with the Syrians, David took many

chariots among the spoils 2Sa 8:4 10:18 - Solomon maintained as part

of his army 1,400 chariots 1Ki 10:26 - which were chiefly imported

from Egypt 1Ki 10:29. From this time forward they formed part of

the armies of Israel 1Ki 22:34 2Ki 9:16,21 13:7,14 18:24 23:30. In

the New Testament we have only one historical reference to the use of

chariots, in the case of the Ethiopian eunuch Act 8:28-29,38 - This

word is sometimes used figuratively for hosts Psa 68:17 2Ki 6:17.

Elijah, by his prayers and his counsel, was "the chariot of Israel,

and the horsemen thereof." The rapid agency of God in the phenomena

of nature is also spoken of under the similitude of a chariot

Psa 104:3 Isa 66:15 Hab 3:8 - Chariot of the cherubim 1Ch 28:18 - the

chariot formed by the two cherubs on the mercy-seat on which the Lord

rides. Chariot cities were set apart for storing the war-chariots in

time of peace 2Ch 1:14 - Chariot horses were such as were peculiarly

fitted for service in chariots 2Ki 7:14 - Chariots of war are

described in Exo 14:7 1Sa 13:5 2Sa 8:4 1Ch 18:4 Jos 11:4 Jud 4:3,13.

They were not used by the Israelites till the time of David.  Elijah

was translated in a "chariot of fire" 2Ki 2:11 - Comp. 2Ki 6:17.

This vision would be to Elisha a source of strength and encouragement,

for now he could say, "They that be with us are more than they that be

with them."





Charity





1Co 13:1 - the rendering in the Authorized Version of the word which

properly denotes love, and is frequently so rendered (always so in

the Revised Version). It is spoken of as the greatest of the three

Christian graces 1Co 12:31 13:1-13.





Charmer





One who practises serpent-charming Psa 58:5 Jer 8:17 Ec 10:11 - It was

an early and universal opinion that the most venomous reptiles could

be made harmless by certain charms or by sweet sounds. It is well

known that there are jugglers in India and in other Eastern lands who

practise this art at the present day. In Isa 19:3 - the word

"charmers" is the rendering of the Hebrew - 'ittim -, meaning,

properly, necromancers (R.V. marg., "whisperers"). In Deu 18:11 - the

word "charmer" means a dealer in spells, especially one who, by

binding certain knots, was supposed thereby to bind a curse or a

blessing on its object. In Isa 3:3 - the words "eloquent orator"

should be, as in the Revised Version, "skilful enchanter."





Charran





Another form Act 7:2,4 - of Haran (q.v.).



 See HARAN 01635.





Chebar





Length, a river in the "land of the Chaldeans" Eze 1:3 - on the banks

of which were located some of the Jews of the Captivity Eze 1:1.

Eze 3:15,23 10:15,20,22 - It has been supposed to be identical with the

river Habor, the Chaboras, or modern Khabour, which falls into the

Euphrates at Circesium. To the banks of this river some of the

Israelites were removed by the Assyrians 2Ki 17:6 - An opinion that

has much to support it is that the "Chebar" was the royal canal of

Nebuchadnezzar, the Nahr Malcha, the greatest in Mesopotamia, which

connected the Tigris with the Euphrates, in the excavation of which

the Jewish captives were probably employed.





Chedorlaomer





(= Khudur-Lagamar of the inscriptions), king of Elam. Many centuries

before the age of Abraham, Canaan and even the Sinaitic peninsula had

been conquered by Babylonian kings, and in the time of Abraham

himself Babylonia was ruled by a dynasty which claimed sovereignity

over Syria and Palestine. The kings of the dynasty bore names which

were not Babylonian, but at once South Arabic and Hebrew. The most

famous king of the dynasty was Khammu-rabi, who united Babylonia

under one rule, and made Babylon its capital. When he ascended the

throne, the country was under the suzerainty of the Elamites, and was

divided into two kingdoms, that of Babylon (the Biblical Shinar) and

that of Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar). The king of Larsa was Eri-Aku

("the servant of the moon-god"), the son of an Elamite prince,

Kudur-Mabug, who is entitled "the father of the land of the

Amorites." A recently discovered tablet enumerates among the enemies

of Khammu-rabi, Kudur-Lagamar ("the servant of the goddess Lagamar")

or Chedorlaomer, Eri-Aku or Arioch, and Tudkhula or Tidal.

Khammu-rabi, whose name is also read Ammi-rapaltu or Amraphel by some

scholars, succeeded in overcoming Eri-Aku and driving the Elamites

out of Babylonia. Assur-bani-pal, the last of the Assyrian

conquerors, mentions in two inscriptions that he took Susa 1635

years after Kedor-nakhunta, king of Elam, had conquered Babylonia. It

was in the year B.C. 660 that Assur-bani-pal took Susa.





Cheek





Smiting on the cheek was accounted a grievous injury and insult

Job 16:10 La 3:30 Mic 5:1 - The admonition Luk 6:29 - "Unto him that

smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other," means simply,

"Resist not evil" Mat 5:39 1Pe 2:19-23 Psa 3:7 - = that God had

deprived his enemies of the power of doing him injury.





Cheese





(A.S. cese). This word occurs three times in the Authorized Version as

the translation of three different Hebrew words:

 1. 1Sa 17:18 - "ten cheeses;" i.e., ten sections of curd.

 2. 2Sa 17:29 - "cheese of kine" perhaps curdled milk of kine. The

    Vulgate version reads "fat calves."

 3. Job 10:10 - curdled milk is meant by the word.





Chemarim





Black, Zep 1:4 - rendered "idolatrous priests" in 2Ki 23:5 - and

"priests" in Hos 10:5 - Some derive this word from the Assyrian Kamaru,

meaning "to throw down," and interpret it as describing the

idolatrous priests who prostrate themselves before the idols. Others

regard it as meaning "those who go about in black," or "ascetics."





Chemosh





The destroyer, subduer, or fish-god, the god of the Moabites Num 21:29.

Jer 48:7,13,46 - The worship of this god, "the abomination of Moab,"

was introduced at Jerusalem by Solomon 1Ki 11:7 - but was abolished by

Josiah 2Ki 23:13 - On the "Moabite Stone" (q.v.), Mesha 2Ki 3:5.

ascribes his victories over the king of Israel to this god, "And

Chemosh drove him before my sight."





Chenaanah





Merchant.

 1. A Benjamite 1Ch 7:10.

 2. The father of Zedekiah 1Ki 22:11,24.





Chenaiah





Whom Jehovah hath made. "Chief of the Levites," probably a Kohathite

1Ch 15:22 - and therefore not the same as mentioned in 1Ch 26:29.





Chephirah





Village, one of the four cities of the Gibeonitish Hivites with whom

Joshua made a league Jos 9:17 18:26 - It belonged to Benjamin. It has

been identified with the modern Kefireh, on the west confines of

Benjamin, about 2 miles west of Ajalon and 11 from Jerusalem.





Cherethim





Eze 25:16 - more frequently Cherethites, the inhabitants of Southern

Philistia, the Philistines Zep 2:5 - The Cherethites and the

Pelethites were David's life-guards 1Sa 30:14 2Sa 8:18 20:7,23 23:23.

This name is by some interpreted as meaning "Cretans," and by others

"executioners," who were ready to execute the king's sentence of

death (comp.) Gen 37:36 - marg.; 1Ki 2:25.





Cherith





A cutting; separation; a gorge, a torrent-bed or winter-stream, a

"brook," in whose banks the prophet Elijah hid himself during the

early part of the three years' drought 1Ki 17:3,5 - It has by some

been identified as the Wady el-Kelt behind Jericho, which is formed

by the junction of many streams flowing from the mountains west of

Jericho. It is dry in summer. Travellers have described it as one of

the wildest ravines of this wild region, and peculiarly fitted to

afford a secure asylum to the persecuted. But if the prophet's

interview with Ahab was in Samaria, and he thence journeyed toward

the east, it is probable that he crossed Jordan and found refuge in

some of the ravines of Gilead. The "brook" is said to have been

"before Jordan," which probably means that it opened toward that

river, into which it flowed. This description would apply to the east

as well as to the west of Jordan. Thus Elijah's hiding-place may have

been the Jermuk, in the territory of the half-tribe of Manasseh.





Cherub





Plural cherubim, the name of certain symbolical figures frequently

mentioned in Scripture. They are first mentioned in connection with

the expulsion of our first parents from Eden Gen 3:24 - There is no

intimation given of their shape or form. They are next mentioned when

Moses was commanded to provide furniture for the tabernacle

Exo 25:17-20 26:1,31 - God promised to commune with Moses "from between

the cherubim" Exo 25:22 - This expression was afterwards used to

denote the Divine abode and presence Num 7:89 1Sa 4:4 Isa 37:16.

Psa 80:1 99:1 - In Ezekiel's vision Eze 10:1-20 - they appear as

living creatures supporting the throne of God. From Ezekiel's

description of them Eze 1:10-25 41:18, 19 - they appear to have been

compound figures, unlike any real object in nature; artificial images

possessing the features and properties of several animals. Two

cherubim were placed on the mercy-seat of the ark; two of colossal

size overshadowed it in Solomon's temple. Ezekiel Eze 1:4-14 - speaks

of four; and this number of "living creatures" is mentioned in Rev 4:6.

Those on the ark are called the "cherubim of glory" Heb 9:5.

i.e., of the Shechinah, or cloud of glory, for on them the visible

glory of God rested. They were placed one at each end of the

mercy-seat, with wings stretched upward, and their faces "toward each

other and toward the mercy-seat." They were anointed with holy oil,

like the ark itself and the other sacred furniture. The cherubim were

symbolical. They were intended to represent spiritual existences in

immediate contact with Jehovah. Some have regarded them as symbolical

of the chief ruling power by which God carries on his operations in

providence Psa 18:10 - Others interpret them as having reference to the

redemption of men, and as symbolizing the great rulers or ministers

of the church. Many other opinions have been held regarding them

which need not be referred to here. On the whole, it seems to be most

satisfactory to regard the interpretation of the symbol to be

variable, as is the symbol itself. Their office was,

 1. on the expulsion of our first parents from Eden, to prevent all

    access to the tree of life; and

 2. to form the throne and chariot of Jehovah in his manifestation

    of himself on earth. He dwelleth between and sitteth on the

    cherubim 1Sa 4:4 Psa 80:1 Eze 1:26,28.



 See ANGEL 00240.





Chesalon





Strength; confidence, a place on the border of Judah, on the side of

Mount Jearim Jos 15:10 - probably identified with the modern village

of Kesla, on the western mountains of Judah.





Chesed





Gain, the son of Nahor Gen 22:22.





Chesil





Ungodly, a town in the south of Judah Jos 15:30 - probably the same as

Bethul Jos 19:4 - and Bethuel 1Ch 4:30 - now Khelasa.





Chest





(Heb. - 'aron -, generally rendered "ark"), the coffer into which the

contributions for the repair of the temple were put 2Ki 12:9-10.

2Ch 24:8,10,11 - In Gen 50:26 - it is rendered "coffin." In

Eze 27:24 - a different Hebrew word, - genazim - (plur.), is used. It

there means "treasure-chests."





Chestnut Tree





(Heb. - 'armon -; i.e., "naked"), mentioned in connection with Jacob's

artifice regarding the cattle Gen 30:37 - It is one of the trees of

which, because of its strength and beauty, the Assyrian empire is

likened Eze 31:8 - R.V., "plane trees"). It is probably the Oriental

plane tree (Platanus orientalis) that is intended. It is a

characteristic of this tree that it annually sheds its outer bark,

becomes "naked." The chestnut tree proper is not a native of Palestine.





Chesulloth





Fertile places; the loins, a town of Issachar, on the slopes of some

mountain between Jezreel and Shunem Jos 19:18 - It has been identified

with Chisloth-tabor, 2 1/2 miles to the west of Mount Tabor,

and north of Jezreel; now Iksal.





Chezib





Deceitful, a town where Shelah, the son of Judah, was born Gen 38:5.

Probably the same as Achzib (q.v.).





Chidon





Dart, the name of the threshing-floor at which the death of Uzzah took

place 1Ch 13:9 - In the parallel passage in Samuel 2Sa 6:6 - it is

called "Nachon's threshing-floor." It was a place not far north-west

from Jerusalem.





Chief of the Three





A title given to Adino the Eznite, one of David's greatest heroes

2Sa 23:8 - also called Jashobeam 1Ch 11:11.





Chief Priest





 See PRIEST 03001.





Chiefs of Asia





"Asiarchs," the title given to certain wealthy persons annually

appointed to preside over the religious festivals and games in the

various cities of proconsular Asia Act 19:31 - Some of these

officials appear to have been Paul's friends.





Child





This word has considerable latitude of meaning in Scripture. Thus

Joseph is called a child at the time when he was probably about

sixteen years of age Gen 37:3 - and Benjamin is so called when he was

above thirty years Gen 44:20 - Solomon called himself a little child

when he came to the kingdom 1Ki 3:7 - The descendants of a man,

however remote, are called his children; as, "the children of Edom,"

"the children of Moab," "the children of Israel." In the earliest

times mothers did not wean their children till they were from thirty

months to three years old; and the day on which they were weaned was

kept as a festival day Gen 21:8 Ex 2:7,9 1Sa 1:22-24 Mat 21:16 - At the

age of five, children began to learn the arts and duties of life

under the care of their fathers Deu 6:20-25 11:19 - To have a numerous

family was regarded as a mark of divine favour Gen 11:30 30:1 1Sa 2:5.

2Sa 6:23 Psa 127:3 128:3 - Figuratively the name is used for those who

are ignorant or narrow-minded Mat 11:16 Luk 7:32 1Co 13:11 - "When I was

a child, I spake as a child." "Brethren, be not children in

understanding" 1Co 14:20 - "That we henceforth be no more children,

tossed to and fro" Eph 4:14 - Children are also spoken of as

representing simplicity and humility Mat 19:13-15 Mar 10:13-16.

Luk 18:15-17 - Believers are "children of light" Luk 16:8 1Th 5:5 - and

"children of obedience" 1Pe 1:14.





Chileab





Protected by the father, David's second son by Abigail 2Sa 3:3 - called

also Daniel 1Ch 3:1 - He seems to have died when young.





Chilion





The pining one, the younger son of Elimelech and Naomi, and husband of

Orpah, Ruth's sister Rut 1:2 4:9.





Chilmad





A place or country unknown which, along with Sheba and Asshur, traded

with Tyre Eze 27:23.





Chimham





Pining, probably the youngest son of Barzillai the Gileadite

2Sa 19:37-40 - The "habitation of Chimham" Jer 41:17 - was probably

an inn or khan, which is the proper meaning of the Hebrew - geruth -,

rendered "habitation", established in later times in his possession

at Bethlehem, which David gave to him as a reward for his loyalty in

accompanying him to Jerusalem after the defeat of Absalom 1Ki 2:7.

It has been supposed that, considering the stationary character of

Eastern institutions, it was in the stable of this inn or

caravanserai that our Saviour was born Luk 2:7.





Chinnereth





Lyre, the singular form of the word Deu 3:17 Jos 19:35 - which is also

used in the plural form, Chinneroth, the name of a fenced city which

stood near the shore of the lake of Galilee, a little to the south of

Tiberias. The town seems to have given its name to a district, as

appears from 1Ki 15:20 - where the plural form of the word is used.

The Sea of Chinnereth Num 34:11 Jos 13:27 - or of Chinneroth Jos 12:3.

was the "lake of Gennesaret" or "sea of Tiberias" Deu 3:17 Jos 11:2.

Chinnereth was probably an ancient Canaanitish name adopted by the

Israelites into their language.





Chios





Mentioned in Act 20:15 - an island in the Aegean Sea, about 5 miles

distant from the mainland, having a roadstead, in the shelter of

which Paul and his companions anchored for a night when on his third

missionary return journey. It is now called Scio.





Chisleu





The name adopted from the Babylonians by the Jews after the Captivity

for the third civil, or ninth ecclesiastical, month Neh 1:1 Zec 7:1.

It corresponds nearly with the moon in November.





Chittim





Or Kittim, a plural form Gen 10:4 - the name of a branch of the

descendants of Javan, the "son" of Japheth. Balaam foretold Num 24:24.

"that ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and afflict Eber."

Daniel prophesied Dan 11:30 - that the ships of Chittim would come

against the king of the north. It probably denotes Cyprus, whose

ancient capital was called Kition by the Greeks. The references

elsewhere made to Chittim Isa 23:1,12 Jer 2:10 Eze 27:6 - are to be

explained on the ground that while the name originally designated the

Phoenicians only, it came latterly to be used of all the islands and

various settlements on the sea-coasts which they had occupied, and

then of the people who succeeded them when the Phoenician power

decayed. Hence it designates generally the islands and coasts of the

Mediterranean and the races that inhabit them.





Chiun





Occurs only in Amo 5:26 - (R.V. marg., "shrine"). The LXX. translated

the word by Rhephan, which became corrupted into Remphan, as used by

Stephen Act 7:43 - but R.V., "Rephan"). Probably the planet Saturn is

intended by the name. Astrologers represented this planet as baleful

in its influences, and hence the Phoenicians offered to it human

sacrifices, especially children.





Chloe





Verdure, a female Christian 1Co 1:11 - some of whose household had

informed Paul of the divided state of the Corinthian church. Nothing

is known of her.





Chor-ashan





Smoking furnace, one of the places where "David himself and his men

were wont to haunt" 1Sa 30:30-31 - It is probably identical with Ashan

Jos 15:42 19:7 - a Simeonite city in the Negeb, i.e., the south,

belonging to Judah. The word ought, according to another reading, to

be "Bor-ashan."





Chorazin





Named along with Bethsaida and Capernaum as one of the cities in which

our Lord's "mighty works" were done, and which was doomed to woe

because of signal privileges neglected Mat 11:21 Luk 10:13 - It has been

identified by general consent with the modern Kerazeh, about 2 1/2

miles up the Wady Kerazeh from Capernaum; i.e., Tell Hum.





Chosen





Spoken of warriors Exo 15:4 Jud 20:16 - of the Hebrew nation Psa 105:43.

Deu 7:7 - of Jerusalem as the seat of the temple 1Ki 11:13 - Christ is

the "chosen" of God Isa 42:1 - and the apostles are "chosen" for their

work Act 10:41 - It is said with regard to those who do not profit by

their opportunities that "many are called, but few are chosen"

Mat 20:16.



 See ELECTION 01149.





Chozeba





1Ch 4:22 - the same as Chezib and Achzib, a place in the lowlands of

Judah Gen 38:5 Jos 15:44.





Christ





Anointed, the Greek translation of the Hebrew word rendered "Messiah"

(q.v.), the official title of our Lord, occurring five hundred and

fourteen times in the New Testament. It denotes that he was anointed

or consecrated to his great redemptive work as Prophet, Priest, and

King of his people. He is Jesus the Christ Act 17:3 18:5 Mat 22:42 - the

Anointed One. He is thus spoken of by Isaiah Isa 61:1 - and by Daniel

Dan 9:24-26 - who styles him "Messiah the Prince." The Messiah is the

same person as "the seed of the woman" Gen 3:15 - "the seed of Abraham"

Gen 22:18 - the "Prophet like unto Moses" Deu 18:15 - "the priest after

the order of Melchizedek" Psa 110:4 - "the rod out of the stem of

Jesse" Isa 11:1,10 - the "Immanuel," the virgin's son Isa 7:14 - "the

branch of Jehovah" Isa 4:2 - and "the messenger of the covenant"

Mal 3:1 - This is he "of whom Moses in the law and the prophets did

write." The Old Testament Scripture is full of prophetic declarations

regarding the Great Deliverer and the work he was to accomplish.  Jesus

the Christ is Jesus the Great Deliverer, the Anointed One, the Saviour

of men. This name denotes that Jesus was divinely appointed,

commissioned, and accredited as the Saviour of men Heb 5:4.

Isa 11:2-4 49:6 Joh 5:37 Act 2:22 - To believe that "Jesus is the Christ"

is to believe that he is the Anointed, the Messiah of the prophets, the

Saviour sent of God, that he was, in a word, what he claimed to be.

This is to believe the gospel, by the faith of which alone men can be

brought unto God. That Jesus is the Christ is the testimony of God, and

the faith of this constitutes a Christian 1Co 12:3 1Jo 5:1.



 See JESUS 02054.





Christian





The name given by the Greeks or Romans, probably in reproach, to the

followers of Jesus. It was first used at Antioch. The names by which

the disciples were known among themselves were "brethren," "the

faithful," "elect," "saints," "believers." But as distinguishing them

from the multitude without, the name "Christian" came into use, and

was universally accepted. This name occurs but three times in the New

Testament Act 11:26 26:28 1Pe 4:16.





Christs, False





Our Lord warned his disciples that they would arise Mat 24:24 - It is

said that no fewer than twenty-four persons have at different times

appeared (the last in 1682) pretending to be the Messiah of the

prophets.





Chronicles





The words of the days, 1Ki 14:19 1Ch 27:24 - the daily or yearly

records of the transactions of the kingdom; events recorded in the

order of time.





Chronicles, Books of





The two books were originally one. They bore the title in the

Massoretic Hebrew - Dibre hayyamim -, i.e., "Acts of the Days." This

title was rendered by Jerome in his Latin version "Chronicon," and

hence "Chronicles." In the Septuagint version the book is divided into

two, and bears the title Paraleipomena, i.e., "things omitted," or

"supplements", because containing many things omitted in the Books of

Kings. The contents of these books are comprehended under four heads.

 1. The first nine chapters of Book I. contain little more than a

    list of genealogies in the line of Israel down to the time of

    David.

 2. The remainder of the first book contains a history of the reign

    of David.

 3. The first nine chapters of Book II. contain the history of the

    reign of Solomon.

 4. The remaining chapters of the second book contain the history of

    the separate kingdom of Judah to the time of the return from

    Babylonian Exile. The time of the composition of the Chronicles

    was, there is every ground to conclude, subsequent to the

    Babylonian Exile, probably between 450 and 435 B.C. The contents

    of this twofold book, both as to matter and form, correspond

    closely with this idea. The close of the book records the

    proclamation of Cyrus permitting the Jews to return to their

    own land, and this forms the opening passage of the Book of

    Ezra, which must be viewed as a continuation of the Chronicles.

    The peculiar form of the language, being Aramaean in its

    general character, harmonizes also with that of the books which

    were written after the Exile. The author was certainly

    contemporary with Zerubbabel, details of whose family history

    are given 1Ch 3:19 - The time of the composition being

    determined, the question of the authorship may be more easily

    decided. According to Jewish tradition, which was universally

    received down to the middle of the seventeenth century, Ezra

    was regarded as the author of the Chronicles. There are many

    points of resemblance and of contact between the Chronicles and

    the Book of Ezra which seem to confirm this opinion. The

    conclusion of the one and the beginning of the other are almost

    identical in expression. In their spirit and characteristics

    they are the same, showing thus also an identity of authorship.

    In their general scope and design these books are not so much

    historical as didactic. The principal aim of the writer appears

    to be to present moral and religious truth. He does not give

    prominence to political occurences, as is done in Samuel and

    Kings, but to ecclesiastical institutions. "The genealogies, so

    uninteresting to most modern readers, were really an important

    part of the public records of the Hebrew state. They were the

    basis on which not only the land was distributed and held, but

    the public services of the temple were arranged and conducted,

    the Levites and their descendants alone, as is well known,

    being entitled and first fruits set apart for that purpose."

    The "Chronicles" are an epitome of the sacred history from the

    days of Adam down to the return from Babylonian Exile, a period

    of about 3,500 years. The writer gathers up "the threads

    of the old national life broken by the Captivity." The sources

    whence the chronicler compiled his work were public records,

    registers, and genealogical tables belonging to the Jews. These

    are referred to in the course of the book 1Ch 27:24 29:29.

    2Ch 9:29 12:15 13:22 20:34 1Ch 24:27 26:22-32 27:7 35:25.

    There are in Chronicles, and the books of Samuel and Kings, forty

    parallels, often verbal, proving that the writer both knew and

    used these records 1Ch 17:18 - comp.  2Sa 7:18-20.

    1Ch 19:1 - comp. 2Sa 10:1 - etc. As compared with

    Samuel and Kings, the Book of Chronicles omits many particulars

    there recorded 2Sa 6:20-23 9,11,14-19 - etc., and includes many

    things peculiar to itself 1Ch 12:22-23 - etc..  Twenty whole

    chapters, and twenty-four parts of chapters, are occupied with

    matter not found elsewhere. It also records many things in fuller

    detail, as (e.g.) the list of David's heroes 1Ch 12:1-37 - the

    removal of the ark from Kirjath-jearim to Mount Zion

    1Ch 13:1 - 1Ch 15:2-24 16:4-43 - comp. 2Sa 6:1 - Uzziah's

    leprosy and its cause 2Ch 26:16-21 - comp. 2Ki 15:5 - etc.

    It has also been observed that another peculiarity of the book is

    that it substitutes modern and more common expressions for those

    that had then become unusual or obsolete.  This is seen

    particularly in the substitution of modern names of places, such

    as were in use in the writer's day, for the old names; thus Gezer

    1Ch 20:4 - is used instead of Gob 2Sa 21:18 - etc. The

    Books of Chronicles are ranked among the - khethubim - or

    hagiographa.  They are alluded to, though not directly quoted, in

    the New Testament Heb 5:4 Mat 12:42 23:35 - Luk 1:5 11:31,51.





Chronicles of King David





1Ch 27:24 - were statistical state records; one of the public sources

from which the compiler of the Books of Chronicles derived information

on various public matters.





Chronology





Is the arrangement of facts and events in the order of time. The

writers of the Bible themselves do not adopt any standard era

according to which they date events. Sometimes the years are

reckoned, e.g., from the time of the Exodus Num 1:1 33:38 1Ki 6:1 - and

sometimes from the accession of kings 1Ki 15:1,9,25,33 - etc., and

sometimes again from the return from Exile Ezr 3:8 - Hence in

constructing a system of Biblecal chronology, the plan has been

adopted of reckoning the years from the ages of the patriarchs before

the birth of their first-born sons for the period from the Creation

to Abraham. After this period other data are to be taken into account

in determining the relative sequence of events. As to the patriarchal

period, there are three principal systems of chronology:

 1. that of the Hebrew text,

 2. that of the Septuagint version, and

 3. that of the Samaritan Pentateuch

The Samaritan and the Septuagint have considerably modified the

Hebrew chronology. This modification some regard as having been

wilfully made, and to be rejected.  The same system of variations is

observed in the chronology of the period between the Flood and

Abraham. Thus:



                             Hebrew    Septuigant    Samaritan



From the birth of Arphaxad,

2 years after the Flood,

to the birth of Terah.          220          1000          870



From the birth of Terah to

the birth of Abraham.           130            70           72



The Septuagint fixes on seventy years as the age of Terah at the

birth of Abraham, from Gen 11:26 - but a comparison of Gen 11:32.

Act 7:4 Ge 12:4 - shows that when Terah died, at the age of two hundred

and five years, Abraham was seventy-five years, and hence Terah must

have been one hundred and thirty years when Abraham was born. Thus,

including the two years from the Flood to the birth of Arphaxad, the

period from the Flood to the birth of Abraham was three hundred and

fifty-two years. The next period is from the birth of Abraham to the

Exodus. This, according to the Hebrew, extends to five hundred and

five years.  The difficulty here is as to the four hundred and thirty

years mentioned Exo 12:40,41 Gal 3:17 - These years